Sample pretreatment methods and the detection technique for BTEX and PAHs in soila.
| Order | Analytes | Method | Analytical instrument | Matrix | LOD | LDR | RSD (%) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) GC | |||||||||
| 1 | PAHs | NTD | GC-FID | Soil(sand) samples | 0.001–0.02 ng g−1 | 0.01–2000 ng g−1 | 8.3–13.2 | — | 17 |
| BTEX | 0.02–0.1 ng g−1 | 0.1–2000 ng g−1 | 7.3–10.3 | — | |||||
| 2 | BTEX | Sonication methods | UFGC-FID | Soil samples | — | — | <1 | 70–130 | 96 |
| 3 | PAHs | CF-SPME | GC-FID | Sand or soil samples | 200–2000 ng g−1 | — | 4–19 | — | 78 |
| 4 | BTEX | PC-HS-SPME | GC-FID | Soil samples | 0.001–0.08 ng g−1 | 0.1–20 000 ng g−1 | 5.7–12.3 | — | 104 |
| 5 | BTEX | HS-GC-PID | GC-PID | Soil samples | 0.1–0.8 μg kg−1 | — | 5.3–7.8 | 87.2–105.1 | 101 |
| 6 | PAHs | CA-HS-HF-LPME | GC-FID | Soil and plant samples | 0.01–0.1 ng g−1 | 1–10 000 ng g−1 | 4.7–10.1 | — | 105 |
| 7 | PAHs | CA-SPME/MSPD | GC-FID | Soil samples | 4.2–8.5 ng g−1 | — | 8.1–13.4 | — | 86 |
| (B) LC | |||||||||
| 8 | PAHs | MHLLE | HPLC-FL | Sediment | — | 0.003–0.04 ng g−1 | — | 81–92 | 106 |
| 9 | PAHs | Ultrasonic probe | HPLC | Soil samples | 0.07–0.3 ng g−1 | 0.7–200 ng g−1 | <7.5 | 80–100 | 38 |
| 10 | BPCA | Internal standards | LC–MS | Soil samples | — | — | <5 | — | 20 |
| Deuterated phthalic acid | |||||||||
| (C) GC–MS | |||||||||
| 11 | BTEX | QuEChERS | GC–MS | Soil samples | 0.3–15 ng g−1 | — | 0.7–2.8 | 65–76 | 29 |
| PTV | |||||||||
| 12 | PAHs | Vac-HSSPME | GC–MS | Sand samples | 0.003–0.233 ng g−1 | 1–400 ng g−1 | 4.3–10 | — | 107 |
| Soil samples | 0.003–0.795 ng g−1 | ||||||||
| 13 | BTEX | RTILs-HS | GC–MS | Sand samples | Sub-to mid pg g−1 | — | 2–18 | 15–103 | 108 |
| Clay samples | |||||||||
| Loam samples | |||||||||
| 14 | BTEX | DSPE | GC–MS | Soil samples | 0.12–0.75 ng g−1 | 4–100 ng g−1 | 0.25–2.3 | — | 109 |
| DLLE | |||||||||
| 15 | Naphthalene | HS-SPME | GC–MS | Soil samples | 0.001 ng g−1 | 0.01–0.1 ng g−1 | — | 105–119 | 110 |
| Standard addition method | |||||||||
a
NTD: needle trap device; CF-SPME: cold fiber-SPME; PC-HS-SPME: pressure controlled headspace-SPME; HS: head space; VA-HS-SPME: vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction; CA-HS-HF-LPME: cooling-assisted headspace fiber liquid phase microextraction; CA-SPME: cooling assisted solid phase microextraction; MSPD: matric solid phase dispersion; QuEChERS: quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe; PTV: programmable temperature vaporizer; Vac-HSSPME: vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction; RTILs-HS: room temperature ionic liquid co-solvents; DSPE: dispersive solid phase extraction; DLLE: dispersive liquid–liquid extraction; HS-SPME: head space-SPME.