Advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment methods and detection techniques for aromatic compounds in soil samplesa.
| Order | Method | Analytical instrument | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) GC | ||||
| 1 | NTD BBD | GC-FID | No sample pretreatment, no obvious matrix effect, wide range of LDR, lower LOD, smaller RSD | Long analysis time, it can't be monitored online, taditional NTD methods have limitations |
| 2 | Sonication methods | UFGC-FID | It avoids the disadvantage of long analysis time, good linearity and repeatability, fast detection process, lower cost, environmentally friendly | Less research on aromatic hydrocarbons in soil |
| 3 | CF-SPME | GC-FID | Improved extraction speed and efficiency, easy to automate | Unable to monitor in real time, the use of organic solvents is not environmentally friendly |
| 4 | Static headspace | GC-BID | Simple and accurate, low cost; high sensitivity | |
| 5 | CA-HS-HF-LPME | GC-FID | Simple, low cost and effective, good linear range | Unable to commercialize, poor experiment reproducibility |
| 6 | Static headspace | GC-BID | Simple, low cost, high sensitivity | |
| 7 | MHS-SPME | GC-FID | Avoid matrix effects, it can be extracted continuously many times | Narrow detection range |
| 8 | HS | GC-PID | Good linearity and repeatability, low detection limit, it can be monitored online | Long detection period |
| 9 | Vac-HS-SPME | GC-FID | Simpler, lower cost and more reliable method, very sensitive | |
| 10 | PC-HS-SPME | GC-FID | No sample preparation steps required, super sensitive method with good repeatability | |
| (B) GC–MS | ||||
| 11 | QuEChERS programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) | GC–MS | High sensitivity, good linear range, good reproducibility and repeatability, fast | High cost |
| 12 | Vac-HSSPME | GC–MS | Fast extraction of target, low detection limit | Long balancing time |
| 13 | RTILs | GC–MS | Reduce the matrix effect of soil, lower detection limit | |
| 14 | DSPE DLLE | GC–MS | Easy extraction of trace analytes from matrix, simple and fast operation, lower cost, improved separation and enrichment efficiency | |
| 15 | Vac-HSSPME | GC–MS | Lower detection limit | Low content of extracted target analyte |
| 16 | Standard addition method HS-SPME | GC–MS | Improve recovery | |
| 17 | RTILs static headspace | GC–MS | Improve sensitivity and measurement accuracy, reduce matrix effects during analysis | |
| (C) LC | ||||
| 18 | Partial least squares (PLS) chemometrics method | HS-MS | Without sample pre-treatment, no chromatographic separation required, rapid identification and prediction of samples | |
| 19 | Miniaturized homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (MHLLE) | HPLC | Without sample pre-treatment, fast, simple, and sensitive | Complex and expensive equipment |
| 20 | APPI | UPLC-APPI-MS/MS | High sensitivity and high throughput, fast and selective | |
| (D) Sensor method | ||||
| 21 | Bioreporter system | Efficient, easy-to-use, low-cost | Weak mechanical strength, only suitable for low concentration pollution | |
| 22 | Optical detection biosensor | High mechanical strength, it has stability | ||
| 23 | HMOFs | With high selectivity and high acidity and alkalinity, it shows the luminescence quenching effect on BTEX | ||
a
NTD: needle trap device; BBD: box-Behnken design; CF-SPME: cold fiber-SPME; CA-HS-HF-LPME: cooling-assisted headspace fiber liquid phase microextraction; MHS-SPME: multiple headspace-SPME; HS: head space; Vac-HS-SPME: vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction; QuEChERS: quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe; RTILs: room temperature ionic liquid co-solvents; DSPE: dispersive solid phase extraction; DLLE: dispersive liquid–liquid extraction; HS-SPME: head space-SPME; HMOFs: microporous heterometal–organic framework.