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. 2022 Apr 4;19:76. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02435-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — PSCI patients exhibit excessive peripheral inflammation and increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) score between poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) patients (n = 34) and non-PSCI patients (n = 49) 3 months after stroke. Lower scores indicate severer cognitive impairment. b Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), d lactate (DLA) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in peripheral blood. c Average relative abundances of prevalent microbiota at the family levels in the two groups. d Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) shows bacterial taxa with significantly different abundances between the two groups. e Heatmap shows the association between gut microbiota and markers inflammation by Spearman’s rank correlation. f Changes in the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae from stroke onset to 3 months after stroke. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Student’s t test comparing MoCA, MMSE, inflammatory factors and abundances of Enterobacteriaceae at the same timepoint between PSCI and nPSCI patients; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test comparing abundances of Enterobacteriaceae between two timepoints of PSCI or nPSCI patients, *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, ****P < .0001