Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, angiographic and biochemical characteristics for patients with and without improvement of ischemia (lactate reduction > 2 mmol/l 24 h after intervention)
| Category | No improvement of ischemia (n = 20) | Improvement of ischemia (n = 22) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 66 (53–73) | 55 (45–68) | 0.432 |
| Sex, no (%) | 0.118 | ||
| Male | 13 (65.0) | 9 (40.9) | |
| Female | 7 (35.0) | 13 (59.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 (21.5–29.6) | 27.7 (24,4–30,3) | 0.331 |
| Comorbidities, no (%) | |||
| Obesity | 7 (35.0) | 8 (36.4) | 0.927 |
| Hypertension | 13 (65.0) | 11 (50.0) | 0.327 |
| Diabetes | 6 (30.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.085 |
| COPD | 3 (15.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0.249 |
| Heart insufficiency | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 0.867 |
| CAD | 9 (45.0) | 7 (31.8) | 0.380 |
| CABG | 3 (15.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0.249 |
| PTCA | 5 (25.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.863 |
| CKD | 10 (50.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.065 |
| Chronic renal replacement therapy | 7 (35.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.104 |
| Immunosuppression | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0) | 0.059 |
| Sepsis, no (%) | 20 (100) | 22 (100) | – |
| Side of infection, no (%) | |||
| Pulmo | 11 (55.0) | 12 (54.5) | 0.976 |
| Abdomen | 15 (75.0) | 18 (81.8) | 0.591 |
| Urogenital | 5 (25.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.349 |
| Soft tissue | 5 (25.0) | 6 (27.3) | 0.867 |
| Endocarditis | 0 (0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.087 |
| More than one | 13 (65.0) | 14 (63.6) | 0.927 |
| Identified pathogen, no (%) | |||
| Gram+ | 3 (15.0) | 12 (54.5) | 0.008 |
| Gram− | 9 (45.0) | 11 (50.0) | 0.746 |
| Viral | 1 (5.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.607 |
| Fungi | 6 (30.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.592 |
| More than one | 5 (25.0) | 8 (36.4) | 0.426 |
| Non identified | 6 (30.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.592 |
| At inclusion | |||
| SOFA score, points | 17 (16–19) | 18 (13.5–19) | 0.319 |
| Norepinephrine, no (%) | 19 (95.0) | 21 (95.5) | 0.945 |
| Norepinephrine dose, µg/kg/min | 0.52 (0.26–0.79) | 0.34 (0.18–0.47) | 0.021 |
| Argipressin, no (%) | 4 (20.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.830 |
| Dobutamine, no (%) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.920 |
| Invasive ventilation, no (%) | 17 (85.0) | 18 (81.8) | 0.782 |
| Oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) | 197 (142–334) | 200 (111–271) | 0.429 |
| Renal replacement therapy, no (%) | 16 (80.0) | 16 (50.0) | 0.580 |
| Organ failure, no (%) | |||
| respiratory (PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg) | 19 (95.0) | 20 (90.9) | 0.607 |
| Coagulation (thrombocytes < 103/µl) | 17 (85.0) | 15 (68.2) | 0.201 |
| Liver (Bilirubin > 33 μmol/l) | 15 (75.0) | 17 (77.3) | 0.863 |
| Cardiovascular (vasopressor or inotrope) | 19 (95.0) | 21 (95.5) | 0.945 |
| Neurological (GCS < 13) | 18 (90.0) | 17 (77.3) | 0.269 |
| Renal (Creatinine > 170 μmol/l) | 18 (90.0) | 19 (86.4) | 0.716 |
| Multi-organ failure, no (%) | |||
| 2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| 3 | 1 (5.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.341 |
| 4 | 1 (5.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0.945 |
| 5 | 9 (45.0) | 7 (31.8) | 0.380 |
| 6 | 9 (45.0) | 10 (45.5) | 0.976 |
| pH | 7.27 (7.18–7.37) | 7.27 (7.17–7.34) | 0.606 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/l | 21.5 (19.0–22.0) | 18.0 (15.8–21.8) | 0.190 |
| Lactate, mmol/l | 5.9 (3.4–11.7) | 11.4 (8.1–13.5) | 0.01 |
| CK, U/l | 1250 (375–2596) | 2226 (332–6464) | 0.742 |
| LDH, U/l | 823 (499–3722) | 1305 (505–4658) | 0.410 |
| AST, U/l | 240 (143–940) | 427 (138–3570) | 0.172 |
| ALT, U/l | 121 (49–294) | 136 (58–436) | 0.350 |
| Bilirubin, µmol/l | 66 (24–134) | 85 (49–172) | 0.376 |
| Leucocytes, 1000/µl | 8.9 (4.8–20.8) | 14.5 (10.1–21.7)) | 0.449 |
| CRP, mg/l | 114 (58–247) | 108 (38–159) | 0.399 |
| PCT, µg/l | 5.9 (2.1–42.7) | 5.4 (1.7–20.7) | 0.421 |
| Thrombocytes, 1003/µl | 51.0 (22.3–108.8) | 71.0 (46.4–158.0) | 0.268 |
| INR | 1.53 (1.18–1.94) | 1.62 (1.36–2.06) | 0.172 |
| PTT, sec | 50.0 (42.3–70.8) | 55 (46–63) | 0.856 |
| ATIII, mg/dl | 51 (35–56) | 45 (37–61) | 0.967 |
| After 24 h | |||
| SOFA score, points | 17 (16–20) | 17 (14–19) | 0.219 |
| Norepinephrine, no (%) | 19 (95.0) | 19 (86.4) | 0.341 |
| Norepinephrine dose, µg/kg/min | 0.45 (0.26–0.93) | 0.19 (0.05–0.49) | 0.009 |
| Argipressin, no (%) | 4 (20.0) | 4 (18.2) | 0.881 |
| Dobutamine, no (%) | 2 (10.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.716 |
| Invasive ventilation, no (%) | 17 (85.0) | 18 (81.8) | 0.782 |
| Oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) | 236.0 (109.8–294.5) | 251.0 (156.0–348.0) | 0.314 |
| Organ failure, no (%) | |||
| Respiratory (PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg) | 18 (90.0) | 18 (81.8) | 0.449 |
| Coagulation (Thrombocytes < 103/µl) | 18 (90.0) | 19 (90.5) | 0.959 |
| Liver (Bilirubin > 33 μmol/l) | 16 (80.0) | 17 (81.0) | 0.939 |
| Cardiovascular (vasopressor or inotrope) | 19 (95.0) | 20 (90.9) | 0.607 |
| Neurological (GCS < 13) | 17 (85.0) | 17 (77.3) | 0.524 |
| Renal (Creatinine > 170 μmol/l) | 18 (90.0) | 19 (86.4) | 0.716 |
| Multi-organ failure, no (%) | |||
| 2 | 0 (0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.167 |
| 3 | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0) | 0.288 |
| 4 | 2 (10.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.920 |
| 5 | 7 (35.0) | 4 (18.2) | 0.216 |
| 6 | 10 (50.0) | 13 (59.1) | 0.554 |
| CK, U/l | 1649.0 (672.5–10,904.0) | 1412.0 (409.5–8087.5) | 0.729 |
| LDH, U/l | 875.0 (329.3–7445.3) | 1345.0 (518.5–3389.5) | 0.746 |
| AST U/l | 809.0 (261.8–4167.8) | 1116.0 (167.5–2850.0) | 0.590 |
| ALT U/l | 328.0 (96.0–2169.5) | 214.0 (126.0–496.5) | 0.510 |
| Bilirubin, µmol/l | 77.0 (40.0–125.0) | 60.5 (36.8–157.5) | 0.709 |
| Leucocytes, 1000/µl | 12.1 (6.2–19.3) | 13.4 (9.5–20.6) | 0.818 |
| CRP, mg/l | 105.5 (65.8–241.0) | 108.5 (31.8–194.8) | 0.624 |
| PCT, µg/l | 6.4 (1.0–22.7) | 4.9 (2.9–22.3) | 0.726 |
| Thrombocytes, 1000/µl | 60.0 (29.0–105.0) | 70 (32–110) | 0.777 |
| 2D-perfusion angiography (directly pre-vasodilator) | |||
| Simplified NOMI score | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–7) | 0.767 |
| PD-PV | 0.78 (0.27–1.39) | 0.62 (0.525–1–59) | 0.997 |
| TTP-PV, sec | 11.68 (9.86–12.85) | 11.3 (9.9–14.0) | 0.749 |
| AUC-PV | 0.57 (0.28–1.30) | 0.55 (0.37–1.23) | 0.767 |
| PD-Aorta | 0.9 (0.37–2.54) | 0.57 (0.27–1.93) | 0.916 |
| TTP-Aorta, sec | 6.43 (5.37–9.34) | 8.1 (6.1–9.7) | 0.474 |
| AUC-Aorta | 0.74 (0.56–2.56) | 0.56 (0.27–2.15) | 0.703 |
| 2D-perfusion angiography (directly post-vasodilator) | |||
| Simplified NOMI score | 3 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.767 |
| PD-PV | 1.32 (0.39–1.97) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.189 |
| TTP-PV, sec | 10.7 (9.0–12.2) | 10.3 (7.9–11.5) | 0.570 |
| AUC-PV | 0.85 (0.43–1.08) | 0.64 (0.27–0.81) | 0.195 |
| PD-Aorta | 0.55 (0.35–2.19) | 0.39 (0.22–1.06) | 0.178 |
| TTP-Aorta, sec | 6.43 (5.81–8.12) | 8.66 (7.79–11.0) | 0.043 |
| AUC-Aorta | 0.61 (0.33–2.44) | 0.34 (0.23–0.76) | 0.054 |
| Duration PGE1, hours | 30.0 (21.0–69.5) | 79.0 (50.4–141.0) | 0.001 |
ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ATIII Antithrombin III, AUC Area under the curve, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BMI Body mass index, CAD Coronary artery disease, CK creatine kinase, CKD Chronic kidney disease, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP C-reactive protein, GCS Glasgow Coma scale, i-FABP intestinal Fatty-acid binding protein, INR international normalized ratio, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, L-FABP Liver fatty-acid binding protein, NE Norepinephrine, PD Peak density, PCT Procalcitonine, PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTT Partial thromboplastin time, PV Portal vein, SM22 Smooth muscle protein 22, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, TTP Time to peak