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PD-1/CD28 CSR and IL-4/7 ICR. In T cells: (A) the PD-1/CD28 CSR converts inhibitory signals delivered by PD-1 into activation signals, whereas (B) the IL-4/7 ICR converts inhibitory signals delivered by IL-4 into activation signals. The IL-4/7ICR can improve the proliferation and persistence of CAR-T cells in an IL-4-rich tumor microenvironment. (C) The PD-1/CD28 CSR and the IL-4/7 ICR are both injected into CAR-T cells simultaneously.
