Table 3.
Mixed effect analysis of determinants of SBA among young women in sub-Saharan Africa
| Variables | Model O | Model I aOR [95% CI] |
Model II aOR [95% CI] |
Model III aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Year of survey | ||||
| 2010 | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| 2011 | 0.84 [0.64, 1.10] | 1.04 [0.80, 1.36] | ||
| 2012 | 1.48** [1.16, 1.91] | 1.46** [1.11, 1.90] | ||
| 2013 | 0.26*** [0.21, 0.34] | 0.27*** [0.21, 0.36] | ||
| 2014 | 0.40*** [0.32, 0.50] | 0.38*** [0.30, 0.48] | ||
| 2015 | 0.21*** [0.17, 0.27] | 0.19*** [0.14, 0.25] | ||
| 2016 | 0.65*** [0.52, 0.82] | 0.59*** [0.45, 0.78] | ||
| 2017 | 2.18*** [1.59, 3.00] | 1.79** [1.24, 2.58] | ||
| 2018 | 0.66*** [0.55, 0.80] | 0.77** [0.64, 0.93] | ||
| 2019 | 1.35* [1.07, 1.71] | 1.42** [1.12, 1.81] | ||
| Maternal age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| 20–24 | 1.21*** [1.11, 1.32] | 1.15** [1.06, 1.25] | ||
| Maternal educational level | ||||
| No education | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Primary | 1.63*** [1.49, 1.78] | 1.50*** [1.37, 1.64] | ||
| Secondary | 2.66*** [2.39, 2.97] | 2.01*** [1.80, 2.25] | ||
| Higher | 6.05*** [3.43, 10.66] | 2.91*** [1.66, 5.10] | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.00 [0.89, 1.12] | 0.98 [0.87, 1.09] | ||
| Maternal current working status | ||||
| Not working | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Working | 1.06 [0.99, 1.14] | 1.17*** [1.09, 1.27] | ||
| Partner’s age | ||||
| 15–24 | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| 25–34 | 0.90* [0.82, 0.99] | 0.85** [0.78, 0.94] | ||
| 35–44 | 0.90 [0.80, 1.02] | 0.82** [0.73, 0.93] | ||
| 45 + | 0.87 [0.74,1.03] | 0.80** [0.66, 0.92] | ||
| Partner educational level | ||||
| No education | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Primary | 1.33*** [1.21, 1.47] | 1.25*** [1.12, 1.38] | ||
| Secondary | 1.88*** [1.70, 2.10] | 1.57*** [1.41, 1.75] | ||
| Higher | 2.72*** [2.20, 3.37] | 1.90*** [1.52, 2.37] | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Islamic | 0.67*** [0.60, 0.74] | 0.62*** [0.56, 0.70] | ||
| African Traditional | 0.46*** [0.36, 0.60] | 0.53*** [0.42, 0.69] | ||
| No religion | 0.57*** [0.46, 0.71] | 0.63*** [0.50, 0.78] | ||
| Others | 0.99 [0.62, 1.57] | 0.89 [0.55, 1.45] | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| 2 | 0.65*** [0.60, 0.70] | 0.66*** [0.61, 0.72] | ||
| 3 | 0.51*** [0.46, 0.56] | 0.55*** [0.49, 0.60] | ||
| 4 or more | 0.44*** [0.39, 0.51] | 0.48*** [0.42, 0.55] | ||
| Ownership of health insurance | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Yes | 0.86 [0.71, 1.05] | 0.90 [0.73, 1.11] | ||
| Mass media exposure | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.27*** [1.18, 1.37] | 1.00 [0.92, 1.08] | ||
| Person who usually decides on respondent’s healthcare | ||||
| Respondent alone | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Respondent and partner | 1.05 [0.92, 1.19] | 1.08 [0.94, 1.24] | ||
| Partner alone | 0.99 [0.87, 1.12] | 1.02 [0.90, 1.16] | ||
| Someone else or other | 0.90 [0.65, 1.26] | 0.94 [0.68, 1.30] | ||
| Person who usually decides on large household purchases | ||||
| Respondent alone | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Respondent and partner | 1.01 [0.87, 1.16] | 1.01 [0.87, 1.18] | ||
| Partner alone | 1.00 [0.88, 1.13] | 1.03 [0.90, 1.18] | ||
| Someone else or other | 0.95 [0.71, 1.27] | 0.94 [0.70, 1.26] | ||
| Person who usually decides on visits to family or relatives | ||||
| Respondent alone | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Respondent and partner | 0.92 [0.82, 1.03] | 0.94 [0.83, 1.05] | ||
| Partner alone | 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] | 0.95 [0.86, 1.06] | ||
| Someone else or other | 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 0.98 [0.73, 1.31] | ||
| Barrier to healthcare | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Yes | 0.71*** [0.65, 0.77] | 0.81*** [0.75, 0.88] | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Poorer | 1.46*** [1.35, 1.59] | 1.33*** [1.22, 1.45] | ||
| Middle | 1.86*** [1.69, 2.05] | 1.56*** [1.41, 1.73] | ||
| Richer | 2.72*** [2.41, 3.07] | 2.23*** [1.96, 2.54] | ||
| Richest | 6.51*** [5.32, 7.98] | 4.88*** [3.93, 6.07] | ||
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Female | 1.15** [1.05, 1.26] | 1.15** [1.05, 1.26] | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Rural | 0.48*** [0.42, 0.55] | 0.63*** [0.55, 0.72] | ||
| Subregions | ||||
| Southern | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | 1 [1.00, 1.00] | ||
| Central | 0.47*** [0.37, 0.61] | 0.47*** [0.35, 0.62] | ||
| Eastern | 0.70** [0.55, 0.88] | 0.52*** [0.39, 0.70] | ||
| Western | 0.32*** [0.26, 0.40] | 0.38*** [0.29, 0.49] | ||
| Random effect | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.367 [0.304 – 0.444] | 0.375 [0.301 – 0.469] | 0.369 [0.300 – 0.454] | 0.366 [0.287 – 0.467] |
| ICC | 0.100432 | 0.1024502 | 0.1008413 | 0.1001725 |
| Wald chi-square | Reference | 2509.24*** | 1123.47*** | 2750.49*** |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | -21,757.371 | -19,073.326 | -20,032.342 | -18,484.939 |
| AIC | 43,518.74 | 38,230.65 | 40,086.68 | 37,071.88 |
| N | 43,786 | 43,786 | 43,786 | 43,786 |
| Number of clusters | 1,478 | 1,478 | 1,478 | 1,478 |
Exponentiated coefficients, 95% confidence intervals in brackets, aOR adjusted Odds Ratios, CI Confidence Interval, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, 1 = Reference category, PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion