Table 3.
Exploratory outcome: within group effects of alcohol use, craving, and postconcussive symptoms.
| Psych domain | Baseline Mean±SD | Week-4 Mean±SD | Week-8 Mean±SD | p-Value | β | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drinks Per Week | Exercise-Only$ | 28.0 ± 26.7 | 9.1 ± 15.2 | - | 0.006 | −4.30 | −7.30 to −1.29 |
| Gameplay Control$ | 20.4 ± 27.5 | 16.9 ± 18.4 | - | 0.533 | −0.76 | −3.42–1.89 | |
| VR-EFT | 24.6 ± 26.1 | 13.6 ± 17.1 | 9.6 ± 14.2 | 0.308 | −0.79 | −2.35–0.78 | |
| OCDS Total | Exercise-Only | 13.7 ± 6.9 | 9.5 ± 4.2 | - | 0.000 | 5.32 | 3.03–7.62 |
| Gameplay Control | 13.4 ± 8.2 | 10.8 ± 8.9 | - | 0.099 | 1.88 | −0.42–4.17 | |
| VR-EFT | 13.8 ± 7.0 | 10.1 ± 6.8 | 9.2 ± 7.4 | 0.729 | 0.39 | −1.96–2.74 | |
| OCDS Obsessive Subscale | Exercise-Only | 6.1 ± 4.2 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | − | 0.006 | 2.40 | 0.88–3.93 |
| Gameplay Control | 5.1 ± 3.8 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | - | 0.642 | 0.31 | −1.14–1.76 | |
| VR-EFT | 5.7 ± 3.8 | 4.4 ± 3.2 | 3.8 ± 3.6 | 0.700 | 0.22 | −0.98–1.42 | |
| OCDS Compulsive Subscale | Exercise-Only | 7.6 ± 3.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | - | 0.001 | 2.84 | 1.43–4.25 |
| Gameplay Control | 8.3 ± 4.8 | 6.3 ± 5.3 | - | 0.010 | 1.57 | 0.48–2.67 | |
| VR-EFT | 8.1 ± 3.7 | 5.7 ± 4.0 | 5.3 ± 4.6 | 0.799 | 0.20 | −1.45–1.85 | |
| NSI Total | Exercise-Only | 19.4 ± 13.1 | 15.3 ± 16.0 | - | 0.170 | 5.41 | −2.70–13.52 |
| Gameplay Control | 22.5 ± 12.3 | 17.1 ± 15.0 | - | 0.283 | 3.51 | −3.36–10.38 | |
| VR-EFT | 20.3 ± 11.7 | 16.2 ± 15.1 | 13.2 ± 10.5 | 0.668 | 0.90 | −3.53–5.33 |
Abbreviations: β, beta; CI, confidence interval; OCDS, Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale; NSI, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory; significant covariate predictor of $past 90-day drinks per week; Baseline scores for VR-EFT represent means ± standard deviations of the 23 participants who were allocated to Phase II.