Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk variables for association with cognitive impairment
| Variables | Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| Non-drinkers (Ref = Drinkers) | 2.028 (1.616–2.546) | 1.531 (0.889–2.635) |
| Heavy drinkers | 1.512 (0.800–2.859) | 0.330 (0.131–0.832) |
| Drinkers (Ref = Non-drinkers) | 0.493 (0.393–0.619) | 0.653 (0.380–1.124) |
| Heavy drinker | 0.746 (0.387–1.437) | 0.216 (0.086–0.542) |
| Demographic | ||
| Age, years (Ref = 60–69 y) | ||
| 70+ | 2.922 (2.444–3.493) | 6.501 (3.076–13.74) |
| Gender (Ref = female) | ||
| Male | 1.208 (1.017–1.434) | 1.826 (1.334–2.500) |
| Race (Ref = Non-Hispanic white) | ||
| Others | 0.975 (0.657–1.446) | 1.042 (0.563–1.928) |
| Other Hispanic | 5.292 (3.641–7.690) | 4.352 (2.123–8.922) |
| Mexican American | 4.485 (3.523–5.709) | 3.741 (2.093–6.688) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 4.708 (3.801–5.831) | 5.965 (4.171–8.530) |
| Education (Ref = College or above) | ||
| Under 12th grade | 9.069 (7.493–10.97) | 5.075 (3.506–7.346) |
| High school graduate | 2.458 (1.978–3.056) | 2.004 (1.501–2.675) |
| Marital status (Ref = Married/Living with partner) | ||
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 2.019 (1.698–2.400) | 1.205 (0.855–1.699) |
| Never married | 1.641 (1.105–2.438) | 1.561 (0.666–3.662) |
| Income ratio (Ref = 4–5 (richest)) | ||
| < 1 (Below poverty level) | 11.634 (8.362–16.18) | 3.077 (1.804–5.251) |
| 1–1.99 | 6.107 (4.516–8.260) | 2.358 (1.549–3.591) |
| 2–3.99 | 2.150 (1.571–2.944) | 1.144 (0.720–1.816) |
| Lifestyle | ||
| Smoking (Ref = Non-smoker) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.166 (0.908–1.497) | |
| Former smoker | 1.021 (0.868–1.200) | |
| Physical activity (Ref = Active) | ||
| Inactive | 2.208 (1.824–2.671) | 1.332 (0.966–1.837) |
| BMIb (Ref = Normal) | ||
| Underweight | 1.659 (0.971–2.832) | |
| Overweight | 0.887 (0.706–1.114) | |
| Obese | 0.892 (0.718–1.108) | |
| Attend social events (Ref = No difficulty) | ||
| Difficulty | 3.405 (2.785–4.163) | 2.876 (1.810–4.568) |
| Comorbidities (Ref = Without) | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.770 (1.479–2.119) | 1.156 (0.734–1.819) |
| Hypertension | 1.731 (1.473–2.034) | 1.554 (1.171–2.063) |
| Stroke | 2.820 (2.150–3.700) | 1.470 (0.752–2.874) |
| CKD | 2.864 (2.320–3.536) | 2.200 (1.455–3.326) |
| Interaction term | ||
| Heavy drinker*Age | 8.052 (1.167–55.54) | |
| Non-drinker*Age | 0.486 (0.243–0.972) | |
Ref: reference; BMI: Body Mass Index; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease