Table 3.

Multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk variables for association with cognitive impairment-stratified by age

Variables	Cognitive impairment
	60–69 y	70+ y
	aOR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Alcohol consumption (Ref = Drinkers)
Non-drinkers	1.500 (0.734–3.065)	0.865 (0.505–1.480)
Heavy drinkers	0.280 (0.095–0.826)	2.929 (0.624–13.74)
Demographic
Gender (Ref = Female)
Male	2.696 (1.537–4.730)	1.733 (1.132–2.654)
Race (Ref = Non-Hispanic white)
Others (including multi-racial)	1.019 (0.371–2.799)	0.888 (0.432–1.823)
Other Hispanic	4.604 (1.395–15.19)	4.941 (1.997–12.22)
Mexican American	4.678 (2.112–10.35)	2.447 (1.209–4.951)
Non-Hispanic black	8.041 (4.436–14.57)	5.180 (3.117–8.610)
Education (Ref = College or above)
Under 12th grade	16.91 (8.669–33.00)	3.279 (2.046–5.254)
High school graduate	5.132 (2.587–10.18)	1.399 (0.973–2.010)
Marital status (Ref = Married/ Living with partner)
Widowed/Divorced/Separated	0.920 (0.513–1.652)	1.379 (0.889–2.139)
Never married	2.644 (0.922–7.584)	1.063 (0.255–4.435)
Income ratio (Ref = 4–5 (richest))
< 1 (Below poverty level)	2.782 (1.177–6.579)	2.329 (1.031–5.257)
1–1.99	2.960 (1.302–6.728)	1.940 (1.136–3.312)
2–3.99	0.846 (0.339–2.111)	1.242 (0.690–2.237)
Lifestyle
Smoking (Ref = Non-smoker)
Current smoker	0.890 (0.440–1.800)	0.724 (0.313–1.675)
Former smoker	1.049 (0.579–1.900)	0.814 (0.546–1.215)
Physical activity (Ref = Active)
Inactive	1.102 (0.629–1.930)	1.674 (1.091–2.569)
BMI (Ref = Normal)
Underweight	22.56 (4.054–125.5)	1.493 (0.450–4.951)
Overweight	0.542 (0.241–1.218)	0.548 (0.365–0.823)
Obese	0.499 (0.269–0.925)	0.496 (0.264–0.932)
Attend social events (Ref = No difficulty)
Difficulty	2.256 (0.600–8.482)	2.817 (1.547–5.132)
Comorbidities (Ref = Without)
Diabetes mellitus	0.930 (0.496–1.745)	1.502 (0.937–2.408)
Hypertension	1.923 (1.155–3.202)	1.707 (1.160–2.513)
Stroke	4.823 (1.527–15.23)	1.285 (0.707–2.334)
CKD	3.121 (1.337–7.287)	1.835 (1.052–3.202)

Ref: reference; BMI: Body Mass Index; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease