Fig. 4.

Frequency-resolved LD between neutral mutations as a function of the scaled recombination rate. An analogous version of Fig. 3, showing the first (top) and second (bottom) LD moments in Equation (7) for pairs of neutral mutations with a range of recombination rates, $R>2/N$. As above, symbols denote the results of forward time simulations, and solid lines denote the theoretical predictions from Equations (D21) (top) and (D22) (bottom). Dashed lines show the classical predictions for the $f_0\to \infty$ limit (Ohta and Kimura 1971). The “data collapse” in both panels indicates that frequency-weighted LD is primarily determined by compound parameter $NR{f}_0$. Low scaled recombination rates ($NR{f}_0\lesssim 1$) lead to an excess of coupling linkage (${\sigma }_d^1>0$), which qualitatively resembles the effects of antagonistic epistasis (ϵ$<0$).