Table 2.
Associations of Breastfeeding Type and Duration with Overweight and Obesity in Environmental Exposures and Child Health Outcomes
| BMI (kg/m2) percentile |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <85th |
85th to <95th |
≥95th |
||||||
| N | N | Model 1a OR (95% CI) | Model 2b OR (95% CI) | N | Model 1a OR (95% CI) | Model 2b OR (95% CI) | ||
| Any breastfeeding | ||||||||
| No | 105 | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 481 | 107 | 0.95 (0.56–1.59) | 0.97 (0.57–1.64) | 80 | 0.79 (0.47–1.34) | 0.80 (0.47–1.38) | |
| Total breastfeeding duration | ||||||||
| None | 105 | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| >0 to <6 months | 156 | 46 | 1.16 (0.65–2.05) | 1.17 (0.66–2.09) | 34 | 0.83 (0.46–1.52) | 0.87 (0.47–1.60) | |
| 6 to <12 months | 138 | 30 | 0.90 (0.49–1.68) | 0.90 (0.48–1.70) | 23 | 0.86 (0.44–1.65) | 0.83 (0.42–1.62) | |
| ≥12 months | 171 | 25 | 0.62 (0.33–1.20) | 0.67 (0.35–1.29) | 18 | 0.61 (0.30–1.23) | 0.65 (0.32–1.33) | |
| p-Valuec,d | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.25 | ||||
| Continuous monthsd | 462 | 101 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 75 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | |
| p-Valued | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.36 | 0.68 | ||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding duration | ||||||||
| None | 105 | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| >0 to <6 months | 316 | 81 | 1.07 (0.63–1.83) | 1.09 (0.64–1.87) | 60 | 0.87 (0.51–1.52) | 0.91 (0.51–1.59) | |
| ≥6 months | 141 | 19 | 0.60 (0.30–1.18) | 0.62 (0.31–1.23) | 10 | 0.39 (0.17–0.88) | 0.40 (0.18–0.91) | |
| p-Valuec,d | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
| Continuous monthsd | 457 | 100 | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 70 | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | |
| p-Valued | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
a
Adjusted for age, gender (male, female), race/ethnicity (NHW, NHB, Hispanic, Asian), and SES (household received federal food assistance y/n).
b
Additionally adjusted for mother's BMI status (18.5 to <25.0, ≥25.0, <18.5/missing) and child's activity level (low, medium, high).
c
Wald chi-square p-value for trend.
d
Excludes subjects breastfed for unknown duration (N = 27 total, N = 41 exclusive).
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status.