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Proposed mechanism of metformin import into mitochondria. The transporter by which metformin accumulates in mitochondria has not been identified. It has been proposed that negatively charged MMP drives positively charged metformin into the mitochondria. The two methyl groups may assist in the process by binding hydrophobic phospholipids in the mitochondrial membrane. The structure of metformin is indicated. MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential. Color images are available online.
