Table III.
Secondary outcomes reported in the 100 largest randomized trials evaluating interventions for male infertility.
| Clinical examination | Pregnancy and childbirth |
| Testicular volume | Gestational diabetes |
| Varicocele grade | Pre-eclampsia |
| Spermatic vein diameter | Stillbirth |
| Physical fitness assessed by continuous maximal incremental test | Gestational age at delivery |
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis | Live birth |
| Body mass index | Pregnancies to term |
| Waist circumference | Preterm birth |
| Caesarean delivery | |
| Hormonal | |
| Serum oestradiol | Maternal complications |
| Serum FSH | Anaemia requiring blood transfusion |
| Serum inhibin B | Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count syndrome |
| Serum LH | Postpartum haemorrhage |
| Serum testosterone | Seizure |
| Serum inhibin B to FSH ratio | Sepsis |
| Prostate-specific antigen | |
| Haematocrit | Neonatal outcomes |
| Serum alanine aminotransferase | Birthweight |
| Serum aspartate aminotransferase | Small for gestational age |
| Neonatal mortality | |
| Semen | Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| Semen liquefaction time | Chromosomal anomalies |
| Semen pH | Necrotizing enterocolitis |
| Semen volume | Periventricular leucomalacia |
| Sperm concentration | Retinopathy of prematurity |
| Sperm count | Severe intraventricular haemorrhage |
| Sperm density | Structural malformations |
| Sperm morphology | |
| Sperm motility | Intraoperative outcomes |
| Sperm DNA fragmentation index | Operating time |
| Time to initiation of spermatogenesis | Number of internal spermatic veins ligated |
| Acrosome integrity | Number of internal spermatic arteries preserved |
| Sperm penetration assay | Haematoma formation |
| Levels of reactive oxygen species | Hydrocele |
| Malondialdehyde levels in seminal plasma | Infection |
| Pain | |
| Embryological | Pyrexia |
| Fertilization rate | Testicular atrophy |
| Number of embryos | |
| Embryo quality | Postoperative outcomes |
| Number of embryos available for transfer | Patient satisfaction |
| Number of embryos cryopreserved | Time to return to normal activities |
| Number of euploid embryos | Recurrence of varicocele |
| Number of blastocysts | |
| Blastocyst quality | Resource utilization |
| Length of hospital stay | |
| Cost | |
| Early pregnancy | |
| Spontaneous pregnancy | Other |
| Pregnancy following ART | Testosterone deficiency symptoms |
| βhCG detected pregnancy | Prostatic symptoms |
| Intrauterine pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound | Sexual dysfunction |
| Singleton pregnancy | |
| Multiple pregnancy | |
| Early pregnancy loss | |
| Ectopic pregnancy | |
| Late pregnancy loss | |
| Time to conception | |
| Cumulative pregnancy rate |