. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 5.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Clin Chem. 2020 Oct 1;102:63–125. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.010

Table 3.

ESCRT-independent mechanisms facilitating EV biogenesis.

ESCRT independent	Protein/lipid name	EV marker	Biological impact when inhibited	References [#]
Lipids

	Ceramide	ALIX/Flotillin	ILV biogenesis	[59]
			Cargo sorting of PLP
			No effect on EGF
	PLD2/PA	Syntenin 1/CD63	sorting ILV Biogenesis ARF6 exosome biogenesis	[73]

Tetraspanins

	CD63	CD63-positive ILVs^a	ILV Biogenesis Cargo sorting of Pmel17	[74]

This study used EM and fluorescent microscopy to study ILV formation, the necessary precursor to exosome synthesis.