Table 3.

Application of AI in pathological examination.

Application category	Application examples
Diagnosis	Benign and malignant diagnosis113Tumor aggressiveness classification114,115Tumor differentiation prediction116
Efficacy prediction	Tumor regression grade of neoadjuvant therapy prediction117
Gene prediction	Classification and mutation prediction from non-small cell lung cancer118Microsatellite instability prediction25
Biomarker prediction	Prediction of fluorescence label distribution in unlabeled images109Predictions of DAPI, α-SMA and PanCK distribution31Predictions of the distribution of PanCK, DAPI, CD3 and CD20 biomarkers111,112
Prognosis prediction	Survival prediction119–123