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. 2022 Apr 5;12:5697. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09711-x

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hair cortisol concentration observed and predicted by the linear mixed model. Hair cortisol concentration by: (A) wolf population: observed (dots) and predicted by the linear mixed model (95% confidence interval as colored error bars). (B) Total length: observed (dots) and predicted by the linear mixed model with 95% confidence interval as shaded grey area. (C) Month: 95% confidence interval as shaded grey area. Predictions of the most supported model for wolves of the reference classes, 95% confidence intervals include fixed and random effects.