TABLE 2.

The cross-sectional association between chronic cough and depressive symptoms at baseline (n=5852)^#

	Participants n	CES-D scores¶ median (IQR)	Model 1 standardised mean adjusted difference (95% CI) in depressive symptoms at baseline +	Model 2 standardised mean adjusted difference (95% CI) in depressive symptoms at baseline §	CES-D score ≥16 (n=755, 12.9%)	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	Model 2 OR (95% CI)
No chronic cough	5128	4 (1–9)	Ref.	Ref.	636 (12.4%)	Ref.	Ref.
Chronic cough	724	6 (2–12)	0.25 (0.18–0.33)	0.15 (0.08–0.22)	119 (16.4%)	1.39 (1.12–1.73)	1.12 (0.89–1.41)

CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; IQR: interquartile range. ^#: 25 participants did not have CES-D score data; ^¶: scores were square root-transformed and z-standardised; ⁺: adjusted for age and sex; ^§: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, chronic rhinosinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, obstructive airway disease, lung cancer, diabetes and heart failure.