Table 3.
Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Coinfection Among Urban Emergency Department Patients Who Had Human Immunodeficiency Virus and/or Hepatitis C Virus Infection
| Characteristic | HIV or HCV Infection (n = 1173) |
Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 (n = 159) |
No Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 (n = 1014) |
Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 47 (32–61) | 50 (35–59) | 55 (41–62) | NC |
| 18–34a | 182 (15.6) | 37 (23.3) | 145 (14.3) | 2.02 (1.18–3.46) |
| 35–44 | 195 (16.6) | 32 (20.1) | 163 (16.1) | 1.63 (.94–2.83) |
| 45–54 | 223 (19.0) | 30 (18.9) | 193 (19.0) | 1.34 (.77–2.34) |
| 55–64 | 362 (30.9) | 39 (24.5) | 323 (31.9) | 1.07 (.63–1.82) |
| ≥65 | 209 (17.8) | 21 (13.2) | 188 (18.5) | 1.00 |
| Missing | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | NC |
| Sex observed at birth | ||||
| Male | 739 (63.0) | 103 (64.8) | 636 (62.7) | 1.08 (.78–1.50) |
| Female | 432 (36.8) | 55 (34.6) | 377 (37.2) | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.1) | NC |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 339 (28.9) | 23 (14.5) | 316 (31.2) | 1.00 |
| Black, non-Hispanica | 760 (64.8) | 122 (76.7) | 638 (62.9) | 2.37 (1.52–3.69) |
| Other race, non-Hispanic | 41 (3.5) | 1 (0.6) | 40 (3.9) | 0.36 (.05–2.66) |
| Hispanic, any racea | 33 (2.8) | 13 (8.2) | 20 (2.0) | 5.81 (2.94–11.46) |
| Period | ||||
| 1 May–4 Jul 2020 | 523 (44.6) | 58 (36.5) | 465 (45.9) | 1.00 |
| 30 Aug–9 Nov 2020a | 650 (55.4) | 101 (63.5) | 549 (54.1) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) |
| ZTCA poverty level | ||||
| <10% | 151 (12.9) | 18 (11.3) | 133 (13.1) | 1.00 |
| 10% to <20% | 370 (31.5) | 47 (29.6) | 323 (31.9) | 1.07 (.62–1.83) |
| 20% to <30% | 372 (31.7) | 51 (32.1) | 321 (31.7) | 1.15 (.67–1.97) |
| ≥30% | 242 (20.6) | 40 (25.2) | 202 (19.9) | 1.39 (.80–2.42) |
| Unavailable | 38 (3.2) | 3 (1.9) | 35 (3.5) | NC |
| Has a PCP | ||||
| Yes | 745 (63.5) | 104 (65.4) | 641 (63.2) | 1.00 |
| No | 428 (36.5) | 55 (34.6) | 373 (36.8) | 0.92 (.66–1.28) |
| Self-pay or no primary payor | ||||
| Yes | 63 (5.4) | 12 (7.6) | 51 (10.7) | 1.44 (.80–2.59) |
| No | 1110 (94.6) | 147 (92.5) | 963 (89.3) | 1.00 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Chief complaint | ||||
| General symptoms | 80 (6.8) | 12 (7.6) | 68 (6.7) | 1.12 (.62–2.01) |
| Nervous system | 97 (8.3) | 12 (7.6) | 85 (8.4) | 0.91 (.50–1.63) |
| Skin, hair, and nails | 41 (3.5) | 3 (1.9) | 38 (3.8) | 0.53 (.17–1.66) |
| Cardiac, vascular, and lymphatic systemsa | 33 (2.8) | 9 (5.7) | 24 (2.4) | 2.07 (1.06–4.06) |
| Respiratory system | 208 (17.7) | 34 (21.4) | 174 (17.2) | 1.26 (.86–1.84) |
| Musculoskeletal system | 223 (19.0) | 27 (17.0) | 196 (19.3) | 0.87 (.58–1.32) |
| Digestive system | 173 (14.8) | 26 (16.4) | 147 (14.5) | 1.13 (.74–1.72) |
| Endocrine system | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | 1.85 (.26–13.21) |
| Urinary system | 34 (2.9) | 4 (2.5) | 30 (3.0) | 0.86 (.32–2.33) |
| Male reproductive system | 4 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.4) | NC |
| Female reproductive system and breast | 10 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (1.0) | NC |
| Eyes and ears | 20 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 19 (1.9) | 0.36 (.05–2.61) |
| Mental health | 124 (10.6) | 18 (11.3) | 106 (10.5) | 1.08 (.66–1.76) |
| Nonsymptomatic visit | 97 (8.3) | 10 (6.3) | 87 (8.6) | 0.74 (.39–1.41) |
| Missing | 25 (2.1) | 2 (1.3) | 23 (2.3) | NC |
| Triage acuity | ||||
| 1 | 137 (11.7) | 21 (13.2) | 116 (11.4) | 0.87 (.50–1.53) |
| 2 | 195 (16.6) | 26 (16.4) | 169 (16.7) | 0.76 (.45–1.29) |
| 3 | 670 (57.1) | 82 (51.6) | 588 (58.0) | 0.70 (.46–1.06) |
| 4 or 5 | 165 (14.1) | 29 (18.3) | 136 (13.4) | 1.00 |
| Missing | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (0.5) | NC |
| ED diagnosis | ||||
| Certain infectious and parasitic diseasesa | 48 (2.5) | 14 (8.8) | 34 (3.4) | 2.26 (1.31–3.92) |
| Neoplasms | 8 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.8) | NC |
| Diseases of the blood/blood disorders | 26 (2.2) | 2 (1.3) | 24 (2.4) | 0.56 (.14–2.27) |
| Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | 54 (4.6) | 12 (7.6) | 42 (4.1) | 1.69 (.94–3.05) |
| Mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental diseases | 125 (10.7) | 14 (8.8) | 111 (11.0) | 0.81 (.47–1.40) |
| Diseases of the nervous system | 11 (0.9) | 3 (1.9) | 8 (0.8) | NC |
| Diseases of the eye and adnexa | 15 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 14 (1.4) | NC |
| Diseases of the ear and mastoid process | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | NC |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | 86 (7.3) | 8 (5.0) | 78 (7.7) | 0.67 (.33–1.36) |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | 47 (4.0) | 4 (2.5) | 43 (4.2) | 0.62 (.23–1.67) |
| Diseases of the digestive systema | 80 (6.8) | 18 (11.3) | 62 (6.1) | 1.74 (1.07–2.85) |
| Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 84 (7.2) | 8 (5.0) | 76 (7.5) | 0.69 (.34–1.40) |
| Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 81 (6.9) | 9 (5.7) | 72 (7.1) | 0.81 (.41–1.58) |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | 72 (6.1) | 7 (4.4) | 65 (6.4) | 0.70 (.33–1.50) |
| Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium | 6 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.6) | NC |
| Congenital malformations or deformations | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NC |
| Symptoms, signs, abnormal clinical lab finding | 414 (35.3) | 50 (31.5) | 364 (35.9) | 0.84 (.60–1.18) |
| Injury, poisoning of external causes | 103 (8.8) | 7 (4.4) | 96 (9.5) | 0.48 (.22–1.02) |
| Codes for special purposes (eg, COVID-19)a | 19 (1.6) | 16 (10.1) | 3 (0.3) | 6.80 (4.05–11.39) |
| External causes of morbidity | 42 (3.6) | 7 (4.4) | 35 (3.5) | 1.24 (.58–2.65) |
| Factors influencing health status and service | 42 (3.6) | 1 (0.6) | 41 (4.0) | 0.17 (.02–1.22) |
| None or missing | 70 (6.0) | 8 (5.0) | 62 (6.1) | NC |
| ED disposition | ||||
| Discharge or screened and left | 584 (49.8) | 80 (50.3) | 504 (49.7) | 1.00 |
| Transfer to other facilities, clinics, or L&D | 8 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.8) | NC |
| Admit, hospital observation, OR, or died | 530 (45.2) | 74 (46.5) | 456 (45.0) | 1.02 (.74–1.40) |
| Other | 51 (4.4) | 5 (3.1) | 46 (4.5) | 0.72 (.29–1.77) |
Values in bold font indicated there was a statistical significance for that particular prevalence ratio..
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ED, emergency department; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; L&D, Labor and Delivery; NC, not calculated; OR, operating room; PCP, primary care physician; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ZTCA, zip code tabulation areas.
P < .05 for that particular group as compared to the reference group.