. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 5.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Issues. 2019 Jul 5;40(17):2553–2581. doi: 10.1177/0192513x19860179

Table 2.

Parents’ subjective assessment of childcare activities by parental gender, selected sociodemographic control variables, and contextual variables

	Happiness									Stress
Variable	(1)			(2)			(3)			(1)			(2)			(3)
Mother	−.190	^**	(.063)	−.176	^*	(.077)	−.110		(.073)	.324	^***	(.074)	.334	^***	(.086)	.277	^**	(.085)
Age				−.013	^**	(.004)	−.004		(.005)				.017	^**	(.005)	.011		(.006)
Race/ethnicity^a
Black, non-Hispanic				.253	^*	(.098)	.288	^**	(.098)				−.374	^**	(.130)	−.416	^**	(.128)
Hispanic				.121		(.102)	.188	^†	(.100)				.004		(.125)	−.051		(.126)
Other				.195	^†	(.104)	.174	^†	(.102)				−.186		(.130)	−.176		(.128)
Household income				−.002		(.011)	−.007		(.011)				−.023	^†	(.014)	−.018		(.014)
Education				−.040	^**	(.012)	−.043	^***	(.012)				.038	^*	(.016)	.043	^**	(.016)
Single parent				−.226	^*	(.096)	−.189	^†	(.096)				.226	^†	(.131)	.201		(.136)
Usual weekly work hours				.002		(.002)	.004	^*	(.002)				.0002		(.002)	−.001		(.002)
Year^b
2012				.198	^**	(.072)	.211	^**	(.070)				−.002		(.087)	−.019		(.087)
2013				.166	^*	(.075)	.175	^*	(.072)				.113		(.094)	.093		(.093)
Type of childcare activity^c
Recreational							.623	^***	(.060)							−.522	^***	(.081)
Educational							−.335	^**	(.129)							.205		(.153)
Managerial							.029		(.112)							.019		(.150)
Time of day^d
Midday (10am-2pm)							.310	^**	(.100)							−.263	^*	(.128)
Afternoon (2pm-6pm)							.271	^**	(.080)							−.250	^*	(.103)
Evening (6pm-10pm)							.181	^*	(.076)							−.150		(.102)
Night (10pm-6am)							−.092		(.148)							.123		(.173)
Weekend							.001		(.050)							−.010		(.071)
Public holiday							−.036		(.269)							−.018		(.233)
Summer							−.076		(.070)							−.016		(.079)
Activity at home							.153	^†	(.092)							−.031		(.133)
Nonresident child							.152		(.309)							−.247		(.280)
Solo parenting							−.006		(.059)							.073		(.080)
Infant present (under 1)							.170	^*	(.084)							.057		(.112)
Toddler present (1–2)							−.009		(.072)							.098		(.095)
Preschool child present (3–5)							−.088		(.060)							.087		(.082)
Older child present (6–11)							−.113	^†	(.065)							.146	^†	(.085)
Adolescent present (12–17)							−.144		(.094)							.333	^**	(.119)
Duration (minutes)							.001		(.001)							.001		(.001)
Earlier childcare (minutes)							.000		(.000)							.000		(.000)
Constant	4.903	^***	(.050)	5.775	^***	(.205)	5.059	^***	(.271)	1.161	^***	(.055)	.237		(.279)	.446		(.332)
R²	.004			.029			.098			.008			.023			.053
n =	4,493			4,493			4,493			4,498			4,498			4,498
	Tiredness									Meaning
Variable	(1)			(2)			(3)			(1)			(2)			(3)
Mother	.391	^***	(.082)	.483	^***	(.092)	.493	^***	(.092)	−.042		(.067)	−.059		(.077)	−.021		(.076)
Age				−.015	^**	(.005)	−.003		(.006)				−.005		(.007)	.005		(.008)
Race/ethnicity^a
Black, non-Hispanic				−.301	^*	(.160)	−.324	^*	(.152)				.062		(.114)	.094		(.121)
Hispanic				−.371	^**	(.125)	−.291	^*	(.121)				−.162		(.144)	−.080		(.135)
Other				−.503	^**	(.153)	−.512	^**	(.152)				−.070		(.113)	−.105		(.111)
Household income				−.030	^*	(.014)	−.026	^†	(.013)				−.025		(.017)	−.027		(.016)
Education				.024		(.017)	.022		(.017)				.000		(.016)	−.003		(.016)
Single parent				−.041		(.123)	.058		(.123)				.066		(.080)	.126		(.084)
Usual weekly work hours				.009	^***	(.002)	.005	^*	(.002)				.002		(.002)	.003		(.002)
Year^b
2012				.124		(.095)	.097		(.091)				.125		(.087)	.119		(.082)
2013				.148		(.097)	.097		(.093)				.111		(.095)	.095		(.086)
Type of childcare activity^c
Recreational							−.306	^**	(.090)							.419	^***	(.059)
Educational							−.327	^†	(.168)							.173		(.118)
Managerial							−.098		(.142)							−.315	^*	(.125)
Time of day^d
Midday (10am-2pm)							−.148		(.138)							.083		(.118)
Afternoon (2pm-6pm)							.336	^**	(.108)							−.071		(.104)
Evening (6pm-10pm)							1.159	^***	(.103)							−.004		(.101)
Night (10pm-6am)							1.359	^***	(.162)							.141		(.142)
Weekend							−.072		(.077)							−.130	^*	(.054)
Public holiday							.239		(.209)							−.347		(.268)
Summer							−.054		(.091)							−.027		(.072)
Activity at home							.235	^†	(.122)							−.069		(.086)
Nonresident child							−1.031	^*	(.431)							−.123		(.290)
Solo parenting							−.044		(.090)							−.009		(.063)
Infant present (under 1)							.306	^*	(.129)							.309	^**	(.110)
Toddler present (1–2)							−.028		(.101)							.087		(.099)
Preschool child present (3–5)							−.059		(.087)							−.190	^**	(.068)
Older child present (6–11)							−.055		(.086)							−.025		(.082)
Adolescent present (12–17)							.021		(.120)							−.093		(.104)
Duration (minutes)							.000		(.001)							.001	^*	(.000)
Earlier childcare (minutes)							.000		(.000)							.001	^†	(.000)
Constant	2.372	^***	(.063)	2.680	^***	(.295)	1.738	^***	(.364)	5.221	^***	(.048)	5.587	^***	(.240)	5.210	^***	(.362)
R²	.009			.034			.138			.000			.011			.061
n =	4,496			4,496			4,496			4,486			4,486			4,486

Note. Unstandardized regression coefficients reported. All models include person- and activity-level weights. Results are clustered at the person level.

The reference category is White, non-Hispanic

The reference category is 2010

The reference category is physical childcare

The reference category is morning (6am-10am)

^†

p<0.1,

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

^***

p<0.001 (two-tailed tests).