Table 2.
Control variables
| USA | Japan | HK | |
|---|---|---|---|
| partic_civic (I am involved in local organizations, clubs, and volunteer activities) | |||
| 1. never | 33% | 56% | 32% |
| 2. seldom | 28% | 24% | 32% |
| 3. sometimes | 27% | 16% | 31% |
| 4 frequently | 12% | 4% | 5% |
| vote (Did you vote in the last election?) | |||
| Yes | 65% | 62% | 64% |
| No | 26% | 30% | 30% |
| prefer not to say | 9% | 9% | 7% |
| govt_empl (I am a current or former government employee)c | |||
| 0 (no) | 77% | 87% | 82% |
| 1 (yes) | 23% | 13% | 18% |
| income (What is your personal income before tax?)b | |||
| 1.b | 15% | 41% | 11% |
| 2. (US$15; JPY2000; HK$10) | 11% | 15% | 4% |
| 3. (US$25; JPY3000; HK$12) | 10% | 13% | 8% |
| 4. (US$35; JPY4000; HK$15) | 12% | 10% | 14% |
| 5. (US$50; JPY5000; HK$20) | 16% | 6% | 17% |
| 6. (US$75; JPY6000; HK$25) | 13% | 4% | 12% |
| 7. (US$100; JPY7000; HK$30 | 12% | 3% | 17% |
| 8. (US$150; JPY8000; HK$40) | 5% | 2% | 12% |
| 9. ($US200; JPY9000; HK$60) | 6% | 6% | 6% |
| educ (What is your highest education qualification?) | |||
| 1. High school incomplete or below | 4% | 2% | 3% |
| 2. High school completed | 30% | 30% | 24% |
| 3. Polytechnic or college certificate or diploma | 13% | 20% | 12% |
| 4. University or college undergraduate degree | 32% | 43% | 49% |
| 5. University postgraduate degree or above | 20% | 5% | 11% |
| age (how old are you?) | |||
| 1. 18–24 | 13% | 9% | 13% |
| 2. 25–34 | 17% | 23% | 24% |
| 3. 35–44 | 18% | 23% | 27% |
| 4. 45–54 | 18% | 22% | 22% |
| 5. 55–64 | 16% | 17% | 12% |
| 6. 65 + | 18% | 5% | 2% |
| region (Do you live in a) | |||
| City | 51% | 30% | 81% |
| Town | 31% | 28% | 13% |
| Rural | 18% | 42% | 6% |
| gender (Identify your gender) | |||
| Male | 47% | 48% | 47% |
| Female | 49% | 51% | 53% |
| prefer not to say1 | 4% | 1% | 0.3% |
| conservative (on a scale of 1 (more left or liberal) to 5 (more right or conservative), how would you describe your political beliefs?) | |||
| 1 Left Liberal | 11% | 3% | 11% |
| 2 | 17% | 11% | 19% |
| 3 | 36% | 62% | 51% |
| 4 | 16% | 18% | 16% |
| 5 Right Conservative | 20% | 6% | 4% |
| trust_info (How much trust do you have that information you provide to the government via website or email will be secure?) | |||
| 1. no trust | 18% | 29% | 18% |
| 2. some trust | 38% | 54% | 40% |
| 3. quite a bit of trust | 30% | 13% | 34% |
| 4. complete trust | 15% | 4% | 8% |
aDue to small numbers of responses, transgender (11 in USA and 3 in Japan) were combined with prefer not to say, giving a total prefer not to say of 43 (USA), 10 (Japan) and 3 (HK)
bIncome ranges were specified in local currencies, with the lower bound indicated here (category 1 is less than the lower bound for category 2). Incomes are annual (USA and Japan) and monthly (HK). Values are in thousands
cGovernment employee was defined for all levels of government (e.g., in USA, federal, state, or municipal/local)