Table 3.

Performance of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation in heavy metal remediation.

Bacteria/fungi species	Contaminated media	Hyperaccumulator plants	Operating condition	Performance	Reference
Bacillus cereus strain NII Bacillus subtilis strain NII Brevibacterium sp. strain NII	Synthetic mining wastewater	Scirpus grossus	•Continuous system •3:1 of Fe:Al mass ratio •20% rhizobacteria addition •102 days exposure	Increment: •Height = 26% •Dry weight = 29% •Fe accumulation = 48% •Al accumulation = 19%	Ismail et al. (2020)
Burkholderia sp. strain S6-1 Pseudomonas sp. strain S2-3	Contaminated agricultural soil	Sorghum bicolor L.	•8 seed in 500 kg soil with 100 ml Hoagland's formulation •Grown in climatic chamber; 16/8 h light/dark, 28 °C/26 °C 200 $\mu$ mol/sm2 •60 days exposure	Total accumulation: •Cu = 618.48 mg/kg •Zn = 393.89 mg/kg •Pb = 41.53 mg/kg	Wu et al. (2019)
Cellulosimicrobium sp. NF2	Artificial contaminated soil	Medicago sativa (Alfalfa)	•Seeds added with 10 ml bacteria suspension •Grown in controlled growth room; 16/8 h light/dark, 28 °C/30 °C •30 days exposure	Increment: •Shoot growth = 68% •Root growth = 28% •Cr accumulation (root) = 43% •Cr accumulation (root) = 37% •Cu accumulation (root) = 53%	Tirry et al. (2018)
Pseudomonas libanensis TR1	Contaminated soil	Brassica oxyrrhina	•2 inoculated seed per pot of 1 kg soil •Grown in greenhouse •30 days exposure	Increment in metal stress: •Cu accumulation = 146% •Zn accumulation = 61% Increment in drought + metal stress: - •Cu accumulation = 161% •Zn accumulation = 86%	Ma et al. (2016)
Klebsiella pneumonia	Artificial contaminated soil	Scirpus triqueter	•8 plants per pot •60 days exposure	Pyrene dissipation rate: •Pyrene soil = 55% •Ni-pyrene soil = 60% Ni removal rate: •Ni soil = 8.9‰ •Ni-pyrene soil = 2.4 ‰	Zhang et al. (2020)
Bacillus sp. QX8 and QX13	Contaminated soil	Solanum nigrum	•4 seedlings per pot of 1 kg soil •20 days exposure	Increment in Cd soil: •Root dry mass = 1.42-fold •Shoot dry mass = 1.36-fold •Cd accumulation = 1.81-fold Increment in Pb soil: •Root dry mass = 1.96-fold •Shoot dry mass = 1.70-fold •Pb accumulation = 1.55-fold	He et al. (2020)
Vibrio alginolyticus	Artificial contaminated soil	Scirpus grossus and Thypa angustifolia	•8 plants per pot of 10 kg soil +5% inoculum •28 days exposure	Aluminium removal: •S. grossus = 35.1% •T. angustifolia = 26.2% Bioaccumulation factor: - •S. grossus = 5.308 •T. angustifolia = 3.068	Purwanti et al. (2020)
Paenibacillus mucilaginosis Sinorhizobium meliloti	Contaminated soil	Medicago sativa (Alfalfa)	•20 pregerminated seeds per pot of 1.3 kg soil with 40 ml Inoculum suspension top up per week •5 mmol/kg soil added on day 54 •90 days exposure	Increment: •Cu accumulation = 33.5% •Total metal extraction = 1.2-fold	Ju et al. (2020)
Simplicillium chinense QD10	Artificial contaminated soil	Phragmites communis	•4 plants per pot of 1 kg soil •30 days exposure	Biosorption capacity: •Cd = 88.5 g/kg •Pb = 57.8 g/kg Removal efficiency: •Acid-extractable Cd = 42.3% •Reducible Cd = 48.0% •Residual Cd = 42.95% •Acid-extractable Pb = 48.0% •Reducible Pb = 30.3% •Residual Pb = 34.0%	Jin et al., 2019a, Jin et al., 2019b
Pseudomonas libanensis TR1 Claroideoglomus claroideogmolus claroideum BEG210	Contaminated saline soil	Helianthus annuus	•2 plants per pot of 1 kg soil with 30 g inoculum •Grown in greenhouse; 16/8-h light/dark, 25 $°C$ •60 days exposure	Increment of Ni accumulation: •TR1 = 82% •BEG210 = 38% •TR1 + BEG210 = 45%	Ma et al. (2019)