Table 2.
Salient features of subjects with GLRA2 variants
Subject | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLRA2 variant (hg19, NM_001118886.1) | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.887C>T, p.Thr296Met | c.140T>C, p.Phe47Ser | c.777C>G, p.Ile259Met | c.754C>T, p.Arg252Cys | c.862G>A, p.Ala288Thr | c.1186C>A, p.Pro396Thr | c.1199C>T, p.Pro400Leu | c.1334G>A, p.Arg445Gln |
Inheritance | de novo | de novo | de novo | de novo | de novo | de novo | de novo | de novo | maternal | maternal | maternal | maternal | maternal |
CADD score | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27.8 | 23.4 | 31 | 27.2 | 20.9 | 22.3 | 33 |
Gender | female | female | female | female | female | female | female | female | male | male | male | male | male |
Age at most recent evaluation (years) | 6.7 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 6.7 | 5 | 0.9 | 7 | 34 | 15 | 5.9 |
Developmental delay/intellectual disability | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes, with regression | yes | yes | yes |
Hypotonia/incoordination | no | no | yes, ataxic gait | yes | no | no | no | yes, incoordination | yes | yes, ataxia | yes | no | yes, impaired fine motor coordination |
Autism spectrum disorder | no | yes | no | NA | no | NA | no | no, diagnosis of child psychosis | NA | yes | yes | yes | suspected |
Inattention/hyperactivity | yes | yes | no | NA | yes | NA | yes | no | NA | no | no | yes | yes |
Sleep disturbance | no | yes | no | no | no | NA | yes | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes |
Microcephaly | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | borderline | no | no | no | no | no | no | no |
Ocular features | myopia, astigmatism, and nystagmus (improved with age) | nystagmus (improved with age) | alternating exotropia, borderline opsoclonus | none | oculomotor apraxia, ptosis | upbeat nystagmus (starting 6 weeks after birth) | strabismus, nystagmus (improved with age) | none | strabismus | myopia | myopia, astigmatism | none | reduced visual acuity |
Epilepsy | no | yes | no | yes | no | yes | yes | no | no | yes | no | yes | yes |
EEG findings | slow background suggestive of mild encephalopathy | bilateral synchronized high-amplitude spikes, epileptic potentials | normal | slow background, infantile spasms, multifocal spikes during sleep | not performed | intermittent hypsarrythmic pattern, infantile spasms | infantile spasms and then normal interictal EEG | left fronto-temporal spike waves focus, which diffuses in the right frontal region, activated by sleep | not performed | generalized slowing and generalized epileptiform discharges associated with myoclonic jerks | not performed | right temporal focus of high and polymorphic alfa spike-wave complexes, with ipsilateral propagation | left and right posterior and right frontal intermittent slowing, bilateral polyspikes during sleep, and excessive beta-activity (with medications) |
Brain MRI findings | normal | delayed myelination, a small arachnoid cyst | mild cortical atrophy, thinning of corpus callosum | normal | normal | normal | cortical and white-matter atrophy, including vermian atrophy | increased signal intensity in FLAIR of the subcortical white matter of the frontal region | not performed | minimally increased T2 signal intensity on the occipital lobes | normal | increased signal intensity in FLAIR of the cortical matter of the parietal | normal |
CADD, combined annotation-dependent depletion; EEG, electroencephalography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.