Table 4.

Effects of time since last feed on physiological measurements.

	Time since last feed				Statistics
Physiological measures	1–3	7–9	16–18	22–24	SEM	F or WaldŦ	P
Weight at PM (g)	7.375b (1,595)	7.431a (1,688)	7.413ab (1,658)	7.371b (1,590)	0.018	2.70	0.047
Plasma NEFA	−2.32b (0.098)	−2.75a (0.064)	−2.04c (0.130)	−1.45d (0.234)	0.15	41.21	<0.001
Plasma glucose	2.465a (11.8)	2.398b (11.0)	2.354c (10.5)	2.377bc (10.8)	0.043	13.10	<0.001
AGRP (bh)	−4.23b	−4.86a	−4.82a	−4.74a	0.36	9.10	0.028
NPY (bh)	−3.24	−3.38	−3.44	−3.35	0.11	1.95	ns
POMC (bh)	−4.79	−4.86	−4.93	−4.87	0.28	0.29	ns
CART (bh)	−4.07	−3.97	−4.04	−4.03	0.28	0.49	ns
CCKAR (pan)	−0.45	−0.52	−0.47	−0.64	0.14	0.37	ns
GCG (pan)	−2.09	−1.94	−2.69	−1.89	0.39	1.15	ns
insulin (pan)	2.44	2.40	2.26	2.08	0.16	1.04	ns
NPY (pan)	−5.49	−5.50	−5.49	−5.39	0.11	0.30	ns
PPY (pan)	3.42	3.37	3.21	3.17	0.20	0.70	ns
Gall bladder (empty) (g)	−1.330a (0.264)	−1.377a (0.252)	−1.327a (0.265)	−1.159b (0.314)	0.050	3.97	0.009
Gizzard (g)	4.080ab (59.1)	4.096a (60.1)	4.016bc (55.5)	3.983c (53.7)	0.046	3.77	0.012
Liver (g)	3.359c (28.8)	3.528a (34.1)	3.476ac (32.3)	3.401bc (30.0)	0.041	7.07	<0.001
Pancreas (g)	1.287 (3.62)	1.325 (3.76)	1.293 (3.65)	1.307 (3.70)	0.026	0.45	ns
Proventriculus (g)	1.838 (6.29)	1.849 (6.35)	1.815 (6.14)	1.846 (6.33)	0.024	0.45	ns
Crop content weight (g)	3.79a (43.2)	3.46a (30.9)	2.36b (9.5)	0.90c (1.5)	0.14	128.79	<0.001
Crop content Score (1–5)	3.50a	2.80b	2.44b	1.81c	0.22	98.33	<0.001

Values are means and SEMs estimated from LMMs. If the data were analyzed on transformed scale these values are shown, with back-transformed values shown in brackets where biologically meaningful.

bh, measured from the basal hypothalamus; pan, measured from the pancreas; ns, nonsignificant (P > 0.05); SEM, highest standard error of the mean for each factor

^abcSuperscripted letters indicate where differences lie.

Treatments sharing a letter do not differ significantly from each other.

^Ŧndf = 3, ddf = 147-181, italic text indicates Wald tests used.