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. 2022 Apr 5;12:5679. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09553-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Task schematics. (a) Visuomotor adaptation task. The filled circles indicate possible target locations, and the open circle indicates the starting base. Reach targets appeared one at a time and remained visible for the entire trial (1500 ms). In no-rotation trials, the cursor followed stylus motion normally, whereas in rotation trials, the cursor direction was rotated by 45° counter-clockwise from the reach trajectory. The dashed lines show the trajectory of the stylus and of the cursor on rotation trials. There were four phases of visuomotor adaptation: (1) baseline (40 no-rotation trials), (2) learning (160 rotation trials), (3) washout (80 no-rotation trials) and (4) re-learning (80 rotation trials with four target directions). (b) Secondary rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. A sequence of five ‘T’s was generated from pseudorandom permutations of letter orientation (inverted or upright) and color (red, white, green, blue or yellow). The sequence was presented serially directly above the starting position, and each letter was displayed for 150 ms with a 150 ms inter-stimulus interval. A target was defined as green ‘T’s. Participants had to report at the end of each trial how many relevant targets (one, two, or three) were presented in that trial.