Table 2.

Adjusted associations with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (dB/m)

Characteristic		Coffee Model 12 (Coef. (95% CI), p)		Decaffeinated Coffee Model 22 (Coef. (95% CI), p)		Tea Model 32 (Coef. (95% CI), p)
Age (Every 10 years)		5.9 (4.6 – 7.3)	<0.001	5.9 (4.6 – 7.1)	<0.001	5.8 (4.6 – 7.1)	<0.001
Female (Ref. = Male)		−19.9 (−24.3 – −15.4)	<0.001	−20.8 (−25.1 – −16.5)	<0.001	−20.9 (−25.2 – −16.7)	<0.001
Race (Ref. = White)	Black	−21.9 (−28.9 – −14.9)	<0.001	−21.0 (−26.5 – −15.6)	<0.001	−21.0 (−26.4 – −15.6)	<0.001
	Hispanic	8.0 (1.8 – 14.1)	0.01	7.5 (2.3 – 12.6)	0.007	7.6 (2.6 – 12.5)	0.006
	Asian	16.1 (10.2 – 22.1)	<0.001	15.8 (10.1 – 21.6)	<0.001	15.4 (8.7 – 22.2)	<0.001
	Others	−7.4 (−17.6 – 2.8)	0.1	−5.0 (−15.0 – 5.0)	0.3	−4.6 (−14.7 – 5.6)	0.3
Smoking (Ref. = Never)	Past smoker	2.3 (−3.0 – 7.5)	0.3	1.4 (−3.8 – 6.6)	0.5	1.5 (−3.6 – 6.6)	0.5
	Current smoker	3.6 (−1.5 – 8.8)	0.1	2.4 (−2.4 – 7.1)	0.3	2.7 (−1.7 – 7.1)	0.2
Vigorous activity		−8.9 (−12.9 – −4.9)	<0.001	−8.9 (−12.3 – −5.3)	0.001	−8.9 (−12.7 – −5.1)	0.001
BMI (kg/m2) (every 5 pts.)		24.0 (21.6 – 26.4)	<0.001	24.1 (22.1 – 26.1)	<0.001	24.2 (22.2 – 26.2)	<0.001
Diabetes		20.1 (12.1 – 28.2)	<0.001	20.0 (12.2 – 27.6)	<0.001	20.0 (12.3 – 27.7)	<0.001
Coffee (Ref. = Non-drinkers)	<1 cup	0.2 (−9.0 – 9.5)	0.9	-		-
	1–2 cups	−0.2 (−5.5 – 5.1)	0.9	-		-
	2–3 cups	−2.8 (−8.8 – 3.2)	0.3	-		-
	>3 cups	1.6 (−4.0 – 7.2)	0.5	-		-
Decaffeinated coffee (Ref. = Non-drinkers)	<1 cup	-		−6.8 (−33.7 – 20.2)	0.6	-
	1–2 cups	-		6.2 (−4.4 – 16.7)	0.2	-
	2–3 cups	-		−3.8 (−18.4 – 10.8)	0.5	-
	>3 cups	-		2.3 (−24.6 – 29.1)	0.8	-
Tea (Ref. = Non-drinkers)	<1 cup	-		-		3.5 (−12.3 –19.3)	0.6
	1–2 cups	-		-		2.7 (−3.7 – 9.1)	0.3
	2–3 cups	-		-		4.7 (−3.3 – 12.8)	0.2
	>3 cups	-		-		−1.2 (−10.5 – 8.2)	0.7
	High school	10.6 (6.7 – 14.4)	<0.001	9.2 (5.4 – 13.0)	0.001	9.1 (5.4 – 12.8)	<0.001
Education (Ref. = less than high school)	Some college	6.5 (0.7 – 12.4)	0.03	6.4 (0.8 – 12.0)	0.02	6.1 (0.4 – 11.9)	0.03
	College	4.4 (−2.2 – 10.9)	0.1	3.3 (−3.0 – 9.5)	0.2	3.0 (−3.3 – 9.3)	0.3
Number of alcohol drinks a day (Ref. = 1 drink or less)	Never/none in last year	1.7 (−6.7 – 10.1)	0.6	2.3 (−5.4 – 10.1)	0.5	2.4 (−5.7 – 10.5)	0.5
	Former heavy drinker	1.6 (−11.5 – 14.6)	0.8	1.3 (−12.4 – 15.1)	0.8	1.6 (−12.1 – 15.3)	0.8
	1 to 2	1.5 (−3.9 – 6.9)	0.5	1.8 (−3.4 – 7.0)	0.4	2.3 (−3.2 – 7.7)	0.3
	2 to 4	5.3 (−5.8 – 16.4)	0.3	6.7 (−3.4 – 16.8)	0.1	7.1 (−3.0 – 17.3)	0.1
	5 or more	8.4 (−3.9 – 20.7)	0.1	8.6 (−2.3 – 19.5)	0.1	9.1 (−1.8 – 20.0)	0.09

¹Beta-coefficient calculated by linear regression for CAP dB/m.

²Adjusted model included age, gender, race, vigorous activity, alcohol consumption in the last year, smoking history, BMI, and education level.