Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics, maternal psychosocial and HIV-related outcomes, and child developmental outcomes
| Variable | Total sample – n (%) |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics (n=353) | |
| Median [IQR] age in years | 32.1 [28.6, 36.2] |
| Educational attainment | |
| Less than secondary | 260 (74) |
| Completed secondary/any tertiary | 93 (26) |
| Employed | 170 (48) |
| Informal housing | 168 (48) |
| Married and/or cohabiting | 134 (38) |
| Median [IQR] months postpartum | 44.0 [41.6, 46.5] |
| Median [IQR] months since antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation | 47.4 [45.3, 49.9] |
| Maternal psychosocial outcomes (n=353) | |
| Median [IQR] depressive symptoms score (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; EPDS) | 0 [0, 1] |
| Elevated depressive symptoms during the past week (score ≥13) | 13 (4) |
| Median [IQR] alcohol consumption score (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption; AUDIT-C) | 0 [0, 1] |
| Hazardous alcohol use during the past 12 months (score ≥3) | 51 (14) |
| Any intimate partner violence during the past 12 months | 14 (4) |
| Maternal HIV-related outcomes (n=353) | |
| Missed antiretroviral therapy dose(s) on ≥1 day during the past 30 days | 104 (29) |
| Missed antiretroviral therapy doses on ≥2 days during the past 30 days | 91 (26) |
| HIV viral load ≥50 copies/mL | 153 (44) |
| HIV viral load ≥1000 copies/mL | 123 (35) |
| Birth and infant characteristics (n=255) 1 | |
| Median [IQR] age in months | 44.3 [41.6, 46.7] |
| Child born in study was mother’s first child | 48 (19) |
| Median [IQR] gestational age at delivery in weeks | 39 [38, 40] |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 34 (13) |
| Male | 126 (49) |
| Currently lives with mother | 246 (96) |
| Child development using the Ages & Stages screening tool (n=255) 2 | |
| Median [IQR] communication score | 60 [60, 60] |
| Communication delay | 10 (4) |
| Median [IQR] gross motor score | 60 [50, 60] |
| Gross motor delay | 21 (8) |
| Median [IQR] fine motor score | 50 [40, 50] |
| Fine motor delay | 49 (19) |
| Median [IQR] problem solving score | 55 [45, 60] |
| Problem solving delay | 38 (15) |
| Median [IQR] personal-social score | 60 [55, 60] |
| Personal-social delay | 18 (7) |
| Median [IQR] socioemotional score | 25 [10, 35] |
| Socioemotional risk | 7 (3) |
1
Restricted to children who were included in the child development analysis;
2
Higher scores indicate better development in all domains except socioemotional, where higher scores indicate higher levels of maladaptive development.