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. 2022 Mar 23;13:809157. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.809157

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

PA affected cell activity by inducing autophagy and cell senescence (A,B) HUVECs and HASMCs were treated with diffferent concentrations of PA. CCK8 assay established that cellular activities was inhibited; (C–E) HUVECs and HASMCs were treated with PA at the concentrations of 250 and 500 μM. Control groups were treated with 1%BSA. Incubated for 24 h, total proteins were probed for P16, pRB, P62 and LC3II proteins. GAPDH was used as the loading control (C); Relative protein expression levels of P16, pRB, P62, and LC3II compared with GAPDH in HUVECs (D); Relative protein expression levels of P16, pRB, P62, and LC3II compared with GAPDH in HASMCs (E); (F,G) HUVECs were treated with PA under the concentrations of 250 and 500 μM. The presence of SA-β-gal activity in HUVECs indicated cellular senescence was detected (F); Quantification of SA-β-gal staining. The number of SA-β-gal positive cells under 250 and 500 μM PA concentrations were significantly higher than in the control group (G). PA, Palmitic acid. (n = 6; Data shown as Mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared to control groups).