Table 4. Detailed Information on Exercise Interventions for Postmenopausal Women.

Exercise Type	Exercise	Exercise Dose	Participants	Adverse Events	Evidence Summary
Static weight bearing33	Single-leg standing	1 min per limb 3 times per day 24 wk	94 Japanese women, mean age: 68 y (age range: 61-85 y)	None reported	Evidence supported a modest positive impact of static weight-bearing exercises on hip BMD
Dynamic weight bearing: Low force33,36,37	Walking, tai chi	50-60 min 3 times per week 40-54 wk	Healthy postmenopausal women, women with UE fracture, women with osteopenia Age: 46-92 y North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia	Exercise and control groups reported injuries. One exercise-specific injury reported	Evidence supported weight-bearing low-force exercises to slow spine BMD loss Evidence did not support weight-bearing low-force exercises to increase spine BMD
Dynamic weight bearing: High force33,38	Standing weight lifting Walking/jogging or hopping Stair climbing with weighted vests, jumping, running, dancing, vibration platforms	50-55 min per session 2-3 d/wk 52 wk	Healthy postmenopausal women, women with osteopenia or osteoporosis Age: 40-65 y United States	One injury reported in an intervention group	Evidence did not support dynamic weight bearing: high force exercises to improve or maintain BMD at the spine or the hip
Non–weight bearing: Low force33	Seated low-load, high-repetition strength training	∼40% 1RM 1-3 sets of 10-20 repetitions 3-7 times per week 24-104 wk	Healthy postmenopausal women Age: 41-82 y	None reported	Evidence did not support non–weight-bearing low-force exercises in nonosteoporotic postmenopausal women
Non–weight bearing: High force33,39	Seated progressive resistive, high-load strength training Some programs included both upper and lower extremity exercise	1-3 sets ∼70%-85% 1RM 2-3 times per week 24-104 wk	Healthy postmenopausal women Age: 41-75 y North and South America and Australia 2 studies excluded women with osteoporosis	None reported	Evidence supported modest positive impact of non–weight-bearing high-force exercises on BMD at both the spine and the femoral neck
Combination of exercise types33,37,38,40–42	Combinations of any 2 of the exercise types described previously	2-7 d/wk 52 wk Intensity not reported	Postmenopausal women Age: 53-87 y Europe and Asia 2 studies included women with osteoporosis	None reported	Evidence supported a modest positive impact of combination exercises on BMD at both the spine and the femoral neck Evidence also suggested that combination exercise programs substantially reduced the risk of fractures

Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; RM, repetition maximum; UE, upper extremity.