TABLE 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Studya	Design	n	Populationb	Syndrome of Interest	Mean Duration of Symptoms	Interventions	No. Treatment Sessions
Bérubé et al., 2019	RCT	56	Prevention	Chronic postoperative pain	—	SC/TAU versus TAU + self-management intervention	7
Birch et al., 2020	RCT	67	Prevention	Chronic postoperative pain	—	SC/TAU versus TAU + CBT-oriented patient education	6–7
Bjørnnes et al., 2017	RCT	416	Prevention	Chronic postoperative pain	—	SC/TAU versus TAU + pain management education (educational booklet and discussion of its content during supportive follow-up phone call 10 days after surgery)	1
Cai et al., 2018	RCT	111	Prevention	Chronic postoperative pain	—	SC/TAU versus TAU + CBT	4
Dahl & Nilsson, 2001	RCT	29	Early intervention	Chronic pain	NA	SC/TAU versus CBT	11
Damush et al., 2003a (Damush et al., 2003b)	RCT	211	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + group-based self-management program	16
Ferrari et al., 2005	RCT	112	Prevention	Chronic whiplash syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + whiplash prevention pamphlet	—
Gatchel et al., 2003	RCT	70	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	No treatment versus functional restoration program consisting of CBT, biofeedback, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and interdisciplinary team meetings	Up to 45
Gatchel et al., 2006 (Stowell et al., 2007)	RCT	101	Early intervention	Temporomandibular joint disorder	97.4 days	No treatment versus CBT and biofeedback	6
Gil-Jardiné et al., 2018	RCT	130	Prevention	Postconcussion syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + reassurance (n = 38) or TAU + EMDR R-TEP (n = 34)	1
Hazard et al., 2000	RCT	489	Prevention	Chronic low back pain	NA	No treatment versus educational pamphlet	—
Irvine et al., 2015	RCT	597	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	No treatment versus online cognitive-behavioral tailored self-help program with weekly reminders for using the program	—
Janse et al., 2016	RCT	100	Early intervention	Idiopathic chronic fatigue	Intervention: Med = 5.5 yrs (range: 1–61 yrs) Control: Med = 4 yrs (range: 0.5–26 yrs)	Wait-list versus tailored CBT-based guided self-instruction	—
Karjalainen et al., 2004 (Karjalainen et al., 2003)	RCT	170	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + advice and physiotherapeutic exercises (+ work site visit for n = 51)	1–2
Kongsted et al., 2008	RCT	182	Prevention	Chronic whiplash syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus oral advice at home visit and list with key information	1
Lamb et al., 2012 (Lamb et al., 2013)	CRT	3851	Prevention	Chronic whiplash syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus active management advice during consultation and educational pamphlet	1
Linton & Andersson, 2000 (Linton & Nordin, 2006)	RCT	272	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + group CBT	6
Linton & Ryberg, 2001	RCT	253	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain, chronic neck pain	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + group CBT	6
Mitchell & Carmen, 1994	RCT	542	Early intervention	Chronic pain	NA	SC/TAU versus functional restoration program consisting of active exercise, functional simulation, CBT, psychoeducation, relaxation therapy, biofeedback and counseling; both individual- and group-format	Up to 280
Newcomer et al., 2008	RCT	220	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	SC/TAU versus educational videotape targeting beliefs and self-management	4
Nyenhuis et al., 2013 (Nyenhuis et al., 2013)	RCT	304	Early intervention	Tinnitus	96 dc	No treatment versus CBT-based Internet self-help or CBT-oriented bibliotherapy or group CBT	— (Internet self-help and bibliotherapy), 4 (group CBT)
Riddle et al., 2019	RCT	402	Prevention	Chronic postoperative pain	NA	Placebo versus TAU + CBT-based pain coping skills training	8
Sanders et al., 2013	RCT	271	Early intervention	Temporomandibular joint disorder	NA	Placebo versus CBT and biofeedback	6
Sharpe et al., 2012 (study 1)	RCT	54	Prevention	Chronic pain	NA	Placebo versus TAU + attention bias modification	1
Silverberg et al., 2013	RCT	28	Prevention	Postconcussion syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + CBT	6
Slater et al., 2009	RCT	67	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	Placebo versus TAU + behavioral pain management and rehabilitation intervention	6
Sterling et al., 2019	RCT	108	Early intervention	Chronic whiplash syndrome	NA	SC/TAU versus TAU + exercise and CBT-oriented stress inoculation training	6
Toft et al., 2010	CRT	111	Early intervention	Any somatoform disorder (ICD-10: F44.4–F48.0)	NA	SC/TAU versus PCP training in assessment and treatment of FSS	7
Traeger et al., 2019	RCT	202	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	13 days	Placebo versus TAU + intensive patient education	2
Whitfill et al., 2010 (Rogerson et al., 2010)	RCT	142	Early intervention	Chronic low back pain	NA	SC/TAU versus functional restoration program consisting of CBT, biofeedback, physical therapy, occupational therapy and interdisciplinary team meetings	Up to 24

RCT = randomized controlled trial; — (dash) = not applicable to the respective study; SC/TAU = standard care/treatment as usual; CBT = cognitive-behavioral therapy; NA = missing data; EMDR = eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; R-TEP = recent traumatic episode protocol; Med = Median; CRT = cluster-randomized controlled trial; PCP = primary care physician; FSS = functional somatic syndromes.

^a References in parentheses indicate duplicate reports. For full references, see Text in Section E, Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww.com/PSYMED/A785).

^b Population coded in accordance with our participant eligibility criteria (see Eligibility Criteria, for an explanation).

^c In this study, mean symptom duration was reported in months. Mean symptom duration in days was calculated by assuming a month has 30 days.