Table 5.
Prevalence ratios for association between nutrition and WASH variables and stunting
| N | Unadjusted PR (pooled) | N | aPR (pooled) | N | aPR (1–6 months) |
N | aPR (6–12 months) |
N | aPR (12–24 months) |
|
| Child-level indicators | ||||||||||
| Currently breast fed* | 3908 | 0.61 (0.53, 0.70) | 3709 | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 1055 | 0.82 (0.34, 1.98) | 1090 | 1.82 (0.79, 4.22) | 1564 | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) |
| Minimum dietary diversity met*, † | 3973 | 0.65 (0.56, 0.75) | 3765 | 0.89 (0.78, 1.03) | – | n/a | 1112 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.37) | 1598 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) |
| Minimum meal frequency met*, † | 3984 | 1.50 (1.29, 1.74) | 3776 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | – | n/a | 1112 | 1.45 (0.94, 2.23) | 1598 | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) |
| Household−level indicators | ||||||||||
| Improved drinking water source*, †† | 3975 | 0.83 (0.69, 1.01) | 3767 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.97) | 1063 | 0.78 (0.48, 1.29) | 1110 | 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) | 1594 | 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) |
| Presence of water and soap at handwashing* | 3978 | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | 3771 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 1064 | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) | 1110 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.10) | 1597 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) |
| Proper disposal of child stool*, ¶ | 2994 | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 2843 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.03) | 622 | 0.92 (0.52, 1.60) | 885 | 0.77 (0.48, 1.23) | 1336 | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) |
| Sanitation facility* | 3977 | – | 3769 | – | 1065 | – | 1112 | – | 1592 | – |
| Improved‡ | – | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) | – | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | – | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | – | 0.95 (0.63, 1.43) | – | 1.03 (0.84, 1.26) |
| Shared | – | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) | – | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | – | 0.84 (0.43, 1.62) | – | 0.86 (0.53, 1.40) | – | 1.00 (0.78, 1.29) |
| None (open defecation) | – | ref | – | ref | – | ref | – | ref | – | ref |
| Community−level indicators | ||||||||||
| Improved drinking water source (village level)**, †† | 3984 | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.53) | 3792 | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 1068 | 1.36 (0.63, 2.95) | 1120 | 1.57 (0.89, 2.76) | 1604 | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) |
| Proper disposal of child stool (village level)¶, ** | 3970 | 1.02 (0.67, 1.56) | 3778 | 1.08 (0.70, 1.66) | 1063 | 2.04 (0.60, 6.96) | 1116 | 1.24 (0.43, 3.58) | 1599 | 0.91 (0.55, 1.51) |
| Improved sanitation facility (village level)‡, ** | 3984 | 0.78 (0.63, 0.98) | 3792 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 1068 | 0.43 (0.21, 0.88) | 1120 | 1.14 (0.67, 1.94) | 1604 | 1.00 (0.75, 1.34) |
| Shared sanitation facility (village level)** | 3984 | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) | 3792 | 1.09 (0.70, 1.72) | 1068 | 1.53 (0.44, 5.31) | 1120 | 0.61 (0.20, 1.83) | 1604 | 1.19 (0.71, 2.01) |
| Open defecation (village level)** | 3984 | 1.29 (1.02, 1.63) | 3792 | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) | 1068 | 2.13 (1.10, 4.11) | 1120 | 1.02 (0.58, 1.77) | 1604 | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) |
*Adjusted for child gender, child age, child illness, maternal age, maternal education, household size and household wealth index quintile; clustered by village.
†Only children >6 months.
‡Improved sanitation facilities include: flush/pour flush toilet to a piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine, a ventilated improved pit latrine, a pit latrine with slab and a composting toilet.
¶Proper disposal of children faeces consist of putting or rinsing stool into a sanitation facility or burying it; inadequate disposal of children faeces includes putting or rinsing stool into a drain or ditch, throwing it into garbage or leaving it in the open.
**Adjusted for village-level covariates: % male, mean child age, % with illness, % breast fed and mean household wealth index quintile.
††Improved sources of drinking water include: piped water into dwelling/yard/plot, public tap or standpipe, tubewell or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, bottled water and rainwater.
PRs, prevalence ratios.