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. 2022 Apr 5;10(4):e002944. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002944

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Communication between prostate cancer (PC) and stromal cells in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM). These stromal cells include cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), CD8 +T cells, CD4 +T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. A series of immune mediators and their origins are presented in the gray box, containing adenosine, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), interleukins, metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, cytokine milieu, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).