. 2022 Mar 23;9:862689. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.862689

Table 4.

Effect of PCP on relative contents of volatile compounds in milk during storage period (%).

Item¹	Storage time (d)	NC²	PC1	PC2	AC
Alcohols (8)
Ethanol	0	4.59 ± 0.86^bA	4.20 ± 1.10^A	2.34 ± 0.21^B	1.93 ± 0.17^B
	1	5.15 ± 0.44^abA	4.60 ± 0.26^A	2.23 ± 0.29^B	2.05 ± 0.34^B
	3	5.60 ± 0.37^abA	4.55 ± 0.29^B	2.32 ± 0.15^C	2.10 ± 0.23^C
	7	5.74 ± 0.22^aA	4.63 ± 0.31^B	2.14 ± 0.29^C	2.00 ± 0.32^C
1-pentanol	0	0.43 ± 0.07^b	0.46 ± 0.12^b	0.46 ± 0.09^b	0.52 ± 0.12
	1	1.94 ± 0.18^aA	1.43 ± 0.24^aB	0.44 ± 0.10^bC	0.66 ± 0.21^C
	3	2.10 ± 0.30^aA	1.52 ± 0.33^aB	0.52 ± 0.06^bBC	0.69 ± 0.12^C
	7	2.34 ± 0.33^aA	1.42 ± 0.28^aB	0.70 ± 0.05^aC	0.66 ± 0.02^C
1-hexanol	0	1.40 ± 0.15^bA	1.50 ± 0.14^A	1.11 ± 0.10^B	1.06 ± 0.08^aB
	1	2.01 ± 0.16^aA	1.57 ± 0.18^B	1.29 ± 0.10^C	0.35 ± 0.05^bD
	3	1.95 ± 0.39^aA	1.78 ± 0.14^A	1.16 ± 0.20^B	0.29 ± 0.08^bcC
	7	2.28 ± 0.30^aA	1.80 ± 0.17^B	1.09 ± 0.14^C	0.21 ± 0.03^cD
1-heptanol	0	1.39 ± 0.15^c	1.18 ± 0.12	1.26 ± 0.14	1.18 ± 0.33
	1	2.51 ± 0.18^bA	1.35 ± 0.05^B	1.43 ± 0.12^B	1.11 ± 0.12^C
	3	2.83 ± 0.12^aA	1.18 ± 0.17^AB	1.410 ± 0.20^B	0.92 ± 0.06^C
	7	2.92 ± 0.16^aA	1.23 ± 0.25^B	1.31 ± 0.18^B	0.87 ± 0.10^C
1-octen-3-ol	0	0.11 ± 0.03^b	0.11 ± 0.01^b	nd	nd
	1	0.30 ± 0.06^aB	0.13 ± 0.03^abA	nd	nd
	3	0.36 ± 0.03^aA	0.12 ± 0.01^abB	nd	nd
	7	0.35 ± 0.03^aA	0.150 ± 0.01^aB	nd	nd
2-ethyl-1-hexanol	0	1.50 ± 0.21^b	1.29 ± 0.08^b	1.34 ± 0.09^c	1.17 ± 0.25
	1	3.65 ± 0.35^aA	2.07 ± 0.29^aB	1.84 ± 0.08^bB	1.34 ± 0.15^C
	3	3.34 ± 0.50^aA	2.20 ± 0.25^aB	2.24 ± 0.07^aB	1.23 ± 0.16^C
	7	3.72 ± 0.41^aA	2.26 ± 0.14^aB	2.05 ± 0.14^aB	1.18 ± 0.18^C
(Z)-2-octen-1-ol	0	0.15 ± 0.02^b	0.13 ± 0.02^b	0.16 ± 0.02^ab	0.16 ± 0.01
	1	1.58 ± 0.24^aA	0.43 ± 0.02^aB	0.18 ± 0.01^aC	0.19 ± 0.01^C
	3	1.54 ± 0.10^aA	0.39 ± 0.04^aB	0.16 ± 0.02^bC	0.19 ± 0.02^C
	7	1.50 ± 0.15^aA	0.38 ± 0.04^aB	0.15 ± 0.01^bC	0.17 ± 0.02^C
1-octanol	0	0.18 ± 0.04^bB	0.30 ± 0.07^A	0.25 ± 0.07^AB	0.18 ± 0.01^aB
	1	0.22 ± 0.05^bB	0.32 ± 0.04^A	0.20 ± 0.03^B	0.11 ± 0.02^bC
	3	0.30 ± 0.02^a	0.26 ± 0.05	0.24 ± 0.06	nd
	7	0.32 ± 0.05^a	0.34 ± 0.13	0.21 ± 0.05	nd
Subtotal	0	9.75 ± 0.89^bA	9.17 ± 1.14^bA	6.92 ± 0.26^bB	6.20 ± 0.39^aB
	1	17.35 ± 0.21^aA	11.90 ± 0.30^aB	7.60 ± 0.49^aC	5.81 ± 0.57^abD
	3	18.01 ± 1.17^aA	12.00 ± 0.08^aB	8.04 ± 0.29^aC	5.40 ± 0.41^abD
	7	19.16 ± 1.37^aA	12.19 ± 0.67^aB	7.66 ± 0.31^aC	5.09 ± 0.48^bD
Ketones (3)
2,3-butanedione	0	1.68 ± 0.18	1.44 ± 0.22	1.45 ± 0.08^b	1.46 ± 0.38^b
	1	nd	1.46 ± 0.17^B	2.30 ± 0.39^aA	2.70 ± 0.15^aA
	3	nd	1.49 ± 0.17^B	2.31 ± 0.20^aA	3.17 ± 0.25^aA
	7	nd	1.51 ± 0.15^C	2.02 ± 0.14^aB	2.99 ± 0.15^aA
2-pentanone	0	7.25 ± 1.05^b	7.53 ± 0.25^b	7.73 ± 1.15^b	7.43 ± 0.05^b
	1	8.33 ± 0.22^abC	9.31 ± 0.22^aB	16.13 ± 0.72^aA	9.36 ± 0.42^aB
	3	8.61 ± 0.40^aC	9.20 ± 0.63^aBC	18.15 ± 1.18^aA	10.36 ± 0.57^aB
	7	8.26 ± 0.43^abC	9.88 ± 0.25^aBC	17.95 ± 1.63^aA	10.26 ± 1.03^aB
2,3-octanedione	0	1.20 ± 0.19^b	1.57 ± 0.26^ab	1.62 ± 0.21^b	1.65 ± 0.31
	1	2.41 ± 0.26^aA	1.39 ± 0.16^bC	2.55 ± 0.15^aA	1.72 ± 0.12^B
	3	2.40 ± 0.29^aA	1.78 ± 0.11^aB	2.92 ± 0.57^aA	1.53 ± 0.14^B
	7	2.60 ± 0.55^aA	1.88 ± 0.2 1^aB	2.95 ± 0.22^aA	1.59 ± 0.23^B
Subtotal	0	10.13 ± 1.09	10.54 ± 0.13^c	10.79 ± 0.95^b	10.54 ± 0.70^b
	1	10.74 ± 0.05^D	12.16 ± 0.33^bC	20.98 ± 1.04^aA	13.78 ± 0.28^aB
	3	11.02 ± 0.59^C	12.47 ± 0.82^abC	23.38 ± 1.62^aA	15.05 ± 0.79^aB
	7	10.85 ± 0.97^C	13.27 ± 0.53^aB	22.92 ± 1.36^aA	14.84 ± 0.87^aB
Aldehydes (5)
Hexanal	0	4.02 ± 0.33^bAB	4.49 ± 0.35^cA	4.28 ± 0.37^A	3.60 ± 0.06^B
	1	8.22 ± 0.78^aB	10.18 ± 0.80^bA	4.40 ± 0.27^C	3.42 ± 0.30^C
	3	8.32 ± 0.13^aB	14.86 ± 0.98^aA	4.48 ± 0.36^C	3.61 ± 0.41^C
	7	7.95 ± 0.33^aB	16.12 ± 1.60^aA	4.52 ± 0.30^C	3.95 ± 0.39^C
Heptanal	0	1.49 ± 0.17^b	1.46 ± 0.24	1.50 ± 0.28^b	1.44 ± 0.19
	1	2.84 ± 0.16^aA	1.49 ± 0.17^C	2.33 ± 0.33^aB	1.64 ± 0.25^C
	3	2.73 ± 0.32^aA	1.60 ± 0.16^C	2.13 ± 0.23^aB	1.47 ± 0.24^C
	7	2.93 ± 0.13^aA	1.40 ± 0.24^C	2.01 ± 0.24^abB	1.43 ± 0.28^C
Octanal	0	2.38 ± 0.03^b	2.37 ± 0.17^b	2.59 ± 0.27	2.30 ± 0.35
	1	5.54 ± 0.24^aA	4.50 ± 0.25^aB	2.35 ± 0.49^C	2.59 ± 0.15^C
	3	5.78 ± 0.66^aA	4.27 ± 0.55^aB	2.37 ± 0.22^C	2.34 ± 0.14^C
	7	6.03 ± 0.53^aA	4.89 ± 0.23^aB	2.36 ± 0.25^C	2.24 ± 0.26^C
Nonanal	0	38.85 ± 1.29^a	39.21 ± 0.59^a	38.79 ± 1.04^a	39.67 ± 0.61
	1	18.95 ± 1.48^bC	26.93 ± 1.73^bB	27.35 ± 1.61^bB	40.46 ± 1.73^A
	3	18.72 ± 0.49^bD	20.73 ± 1.11^cC	27.86 ± 0.69^bB	39.26 ± 0.87^A
	7	19.29 ± 0.86^bC	20.15 ± 0.46^cC	26.67 ± 0.56^bB	39.06 ± 0.56^A
Decanal	0	0.32 ± 0.02^b	0.39 ± 0.06	0.32 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.04
	1	0.65 ± 0.09^aA	0.48 ± 0.06^B	0.33 ± 0.05^C	0.33 ± 0.04^C
	3	0.64 ± 0.01^aA	0.44 ± 0.07^B	0.33 ± 0.03^C	0.34 ± 0.03^C
	7	0.62 ± 0.07^aA	0.50 ± 0.06^B	0.33 ± 0.03^C	0.35 ± 0.03^C
Subtotal	0	47.05 ± 1.78^a	47.91 ± 0.82^a	47.48 ± 0.72^a	47.34 ± 0.50
	1	36.20 ± 0.78^bC	43.58 ± 2.13^bB	36.76 ± 1.30^bC	48.44 ± 1.62^A
	3	36.19 ± 1.29^bC	41.90 ± 2.00^bB	37.17 ± 0.46^bC	47.02 ± 1.29^A
	7	36.81 ± 0.47^bC	43.05 ± 1.42^bB	35.89 ± 0.37^bC	47.03 ± 0.43^A
Esters (2)
Ethyl acetate	0	0.13 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.15 ± 0.02
	1	nd	nd	0.13 ± 0.00^a	0.14 ± 0.01
	3	nd	nd	0.12 ± 0.01^bB	0.15 ± 0.01^A
	7	nd	nd	0.10 ± 0.01^bB	0.14 ± 0.01^A
Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester	0	2.10 ± 0.26^c	2.04 ± 0.30^c	1.78 ± 0.11	1.85 ± 0.17
	1	6.28 ± 0.72^bA	3.07 ± 0.17^bB	1.82 ± 0.04^C	1.72 ± 0.14^C
	3	8.77 ± 0.91^aA	3.68 ± 0.37^aB	1.92 ± 0.22^C	1.88 ± 0.10^C
	7	8.87 ± 0.58^aA	3.42 ± 0.23^abB	1.95 ± 0.05^C	1.77 ± 0.10^C
Subtotal	0	2.23 ± 0.27^c	2.15 ± 0.32^c	1.92 ± 0.11	2.00 ± 0.16
	1	6.28 ± 0.72^bA	3.07 ± 0.17^bB	1.95 ± 0.04^C	1.86 ± 0.12^C
	3	8.77 ± 0.91^aA	3.68 ± 0.37^aB	2.04 ± 0.22^C	2.03 ± 0.10^C
	7	8.87 ± 0.58^aA	3.42 ± 0.23^abB	2.05 ± 0.04^C	1.91 ± 0.11^C
Hydrocarbons (4)
Octane	0	0.51 ± 0.15^b	0.51 ± 0.07^c	0.46 ± 0.07	0.44 ± 0.10
	1	1.44 ± 0.10^aA	0.68 ± 0.06^bB	0.46 ± 0.02^C	0.52 ± 0.03^C
	3	1.51 ± 0.06^aA	0.83 ± 0.05^aB	0.48 ± 0.05^C	0.50 ± 0.04^C
	7	1.57 ± 0.10^aA	0.88 ± 0.11^aB	0.52 ± 0.03^C	0.52 ± 0.02^C
1-nitro-hexane	0	1.59 ± 0.16^a	1.54 ± 0.10^a	1.51 ± 0.15^a	1.53 ± 0.08
	1	0.91 ± 0.04^bB	0.96 ± 0.10^bB	0.95 ± 0.13^bB	1.50 ± 0.04^A
	3	0.67 ± 0.13^cC	0.59 ± 0.06^cC	0.90 ± 0.07^bB	1.54 ± 0.11^A
	7	0.66 ± 0.05^cC	0.62 ± 0.05^cC	0.90 ± 0.08^bB	1.60 ± 0.06^A
Dodecane	0	0.30 ± 0.06^b	0.27 ± 0.04^b	0.35 ± 0.06^a	0.29 ± 0.05
	1	0.99 ± 0.12^aA	0.52 ± 0.12^aB	0.26 ± 0.05^bC	0.22 ± 0.02^C
	3	0.87 ± 0.09^aA	0.60 ± 0.05^aB	0.24 ± 0.04^bC	0.28 ± 0.03^C
	7	0.86 ± 0.12^aA	0.62 ± 0.04^aB	0.27 ± 0.01^bC	0.27 ± 0.05^C
Tetradecane	0	1.34 ± 0.11^a	1.42 ± 0.10^b	1.43 ± 0.12	1.17 ± 0.29
	1	1.01 ± 0.16^bC	1.65 ± 0.10^aA	1.26 ± 0.16^B	1.33 ± 0.11^B
	3	0.83 ± 0.06^bC	1.70 ± 0.15^aA	1.25 ± 0.20^B	1.43 ± 0.22^AB
	7	0.87 ± 0.11^bC	1.78 ± 0.08^aA	1.13 ± 0.11^B	1.33 ± 0.11^B
Subtotal	0	3.74 ± 0.04^b	3.74 ± 0.27	3.76 ± 0.17^a	3.43 ± 0.22
	1	4.34 ± 0.36^aA	3.81 ± 0.13^B	2.93 ± 0.19^bC	3.57 ± 0.18^B
	3	3.88 ± 0.08^bA	3.72 ± 0.28^A	2.86 ± 0.12^bB	3.76 ± 0.22^A
	7	3.96 ± 0.05^bA	3.89 ± 0.15^A	2.82 ± 0.21^bB	3.72 ± 0.21^A

¹NC, negative control of no addition anthocyanins + exposure to fluorescent light; PC1, positive control 1 of no addition anthocyanins + protected from fluorescent light; PC2, positive control 2 of the addition of 0.3% (w/v) anthocyanins + exposure to fluorescent light; AC, the addition of 0.3% (w/v) anthocyanins + protected from fluorescent light.

^{2a, b}Means with different letters within a column are significantly different between means for storage time (P < 0.05).

^A−DMeans with different letters within a row are significantly different between means for milk samples (P < 0.05).