Table 2.

The cognitive errors of each mastery pattern classification.

Mastery pattern	No.	Cognitive errors
EIP = 0	1	The interaction of electricity and magnetism was incorrectly considered as electromagnetic induction
	2	Confusion over the physical principles on which generators and motors are based
(CIC1, CIC2) = (0X)	3	Misunderstanding that magnetic flux changes if the conductor cuts the magnetic field lines
(CIC1, CIC2) = (10)	4	Misunderstanding that an induced current can be generated if the conductor cuts the magnetic field lines
	5	Misunderstanding that the unclosed coil has no magnetic flux, and the magnetic flux changes when it is closed again
	6	Did not understand the magnetic field distribution around the bar magnet
(LL1, LL2, LL3) = (0XX)	7	Did not understand the concept of flux change
	8	Could not describe Lenz’s law
(LL1, LL2, LL3) = (10X)	9	Could not translate a change in the physical situation into a change in the magnetic flux, thereby not knowing how to use Lenz’s law
	10	Lenz’s law was not understood in terms of energy, and the transformation of functional relations in electromagnetic induction was not understood.
	11	In the process of using the formula, the formula was mistaken for Lenz’s law
(LL1, LL2, LL3) = (110)	12	In physical situations, the hindrances of Lenz’s law were not used to determine the direction of the induced current
(RHR1, RHR2) = (0X)	13	Students could not distinguish between the right-hand rule, left-hand rule, and ampere rule
	14	Misunderstanding that the direction of the conductor cutting magnetic field lines is the direction of the conductor force
	15	It was incorrectly believed that the direction of the induced electromotive force is opposite to that of the induced current
(RHR1, RHR2) = (10)	16	Incorrectly used the left-hand rule to solve the electromagnetic induction problem
	17	Did not understand the direction of the current or magnetic field lines in the diagram
(FL1, FL2, FL3, FL4) = (0XXX)	18	Did not know the basic concept of Faraday’s law
	19	Could write Faraday’s law formula but could not explain Faraday’s law
	20	Inability to distinguish between the rate of change and quantity of change
(FL1, FL2, FL3, FL4) = (10XX)	21	The left-hand rule was used
	22	Did not understand the circuit knowledge. Misjudged the direction of current and potential inside the source
	23	Did not know that the conductor cutting the magnetic field lines is equivalent to the power supply
(FL1, FL2, FL3, FL4) = (110X)	24	Did not know that the conductor cutting the magnetic field lines is equivalent to the power supply
	25	Did not know the terminal voltage
	26	Did not know that the uniform increase of B and δ B/δ t have the same meaning, and mistook the former for the magnetic flux uniform increase
(FL1, FL2, FL3, FL4) = (1110)	27	Could not find the functional relationship between each physical quantity and t
	28	No in-depth understanding of the concept of acceleration
	29	Did not consider that the width of the field is larger than the edge of the wire
	30	Calculation error

EIP, Electromagnetic induction phenomenon: knowledge; CIC1, Conditions to generate induced current: knowledge; CIC2, Conditions to generate induced current: understanding; LL1, Lenz’s Law: knowledge; LL2, Lenz’s Law: understanding; LL3, Lenz’s Law: application; RHR1, Right-hand rule: knowledge; RHR2, Right-hand rule: understanding; FL1, Faraday’s law: knowledge; FL2, Faraday’s law: understanding; FL3, Faraday’s law: application; and FL4, Faraday’s law: integrated application.