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. 2022 Mar 23;13:862965. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862965

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Copyright © 2022 Zhao, Ao, Wang and Wang.

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Distribution of questionnaires. Research-oriented University/College is a University/College that offers a comprehensive bachelor’s degree program, puts Research first, and is committed to high-level talent development and scientific research and development. Applied research-oriented University/College is a new type of research University/College which emphasizes more on practical application ability, practical ability, innovation ability, and creativity than academic research University/College. Application-oriented University/College refers to undergraduate institutions of higher learning with application-oriented orientation rather than scientific research orientation, focusing on undergraduate education, as opposed to the concept of academic University/College.