Table 4.

Lagged Associations: Pain as a Predictor of Psychosocial Factors.

Model	Quality of life		Sadness		Depression		Anger		Hopefulness
Variable	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value
Intercept	2.55	.001*	1.06	.05	0.73	.12	0.48	.33	8.07	.001*
Time	−0.003	.54	−0.003	.61	0.001	.68	0.001	.82	−0.004	.001*
Time2	0.001	.92	0.001	.78	−0.001	.44	−0.001	.75	NA	NA
Time3	0.001	.95	0.001	.88	0.001	.35	−0.001	.76	NA	NA
Pain	0.33	.001*	0.08	.03*	0.08	.009*	0.09	.01*	−0.10	.03*
Upper vs lower limb	−0.52	.13	0.49	.12	0.54	.08	0.65	.04*	0.32	.37
Female vs male	0.58	.06	0.74	.009*	0.51	.06	0.77	.008*	0.04	.91
Symptom duration	0.002	.47	−0.001	.85	−0.001	.66	−0.001	.41	0.001	.67
Neuroma excision	0.24	.59	−0.11	.80	0.07	.86	−0.24	.56	−0.79	.12
Nerve grafting	0.98	.29	0.66	.43	0.22	.79	1.37	.12	1.42	.13
Nerve transfer	−0.41	.31	−0.69	.06	−0.84	.02*	−0.56	.14	−0.04	.93
History of childhood trauma	0.23	.70	1.19	.03*	1.6	.002*	0.62	.25	−0.25	.71
No comment for childhood trauma	0.65	.44	−0.06	.94	−0.16	.83	−0.79	.30	−0.61	.45

Note. Reverse lagged model to explore whether a bidirectional relationship exists between pain and psychosocial factors. This reverse lagged model contained pain (ie, time t) as the independent variable and psychosocial factors measured at the next visit (ie, time t + 1) as the dependent variable. NA = not applicable.

^*Significant relationship, P < .05.