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. 2021 Jul 6;20(3):166–184. doi: 10.18502/cjn.v20i3.7693

Table 3.

Tobacco and waterpipe smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug abuse

Risk factor Study Country of study Study period Study setting Case number Control number OR AOR # 95% CI P
Cigarette smoking Halawani et al.   23  Saudi Arabia 2017-2018 Hospital-based##
(single center)		 80 160 - 4.16 1.44-11.97 < 0.050
Abbasi et al.   30  Iran 2013-2014 Population-based 660 421 - 0.62 0.36-1.05 0.075
Eftekharian et al.   27 * Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 2.86 - 1.30-6.33 -
Eftekharian et al.   27 ** Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 2.08 - 0.81-5.31 -
Mansouri et al.   22  Iran 2008-2013 Population-based 1217 787 _ 1.93 1.31-2.73 < 0.001
Al-Afasy et al.   37  Kuwait 2010-2012 Population-based 101 202 1.70 _ 0.90-3.40 0.097
Alonso et al.   32  Iran 2007-2010 Population-based 394 394 - 1.72 0.90-3.30 -
Al-Shammri et al.   25  Kuwait - Hospital-based###
(single center)		 195 146 - 1.90 0.80-4.50 0.128
Roudbari et al.   33 *** Iran - Population-based 144 256 2.43 - 1.28-4.60 0.007
Female cigarette smoking Alonso et al.   32  Iran 2007-2010 Population-based 394 394 - 6.48 1.46-28.78 0.002
Tobacco Abdollahpour et al.   31  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.69 1.24-2.31 < 0.001
Passive smoking¥ Halawani et al.   23  Saudi Arabia 2017-2018 Hospital-based##
(single center)		 80 160 1.28 - 0.75-2.20 -
Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.48 1.14-1.93 0.004
Abdollahpour et al.   31  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.85 1.48-2.32 < 0.001
Abbasi et al.   30  Iran 2013-2014 Population-based 660 421 - 1.13 0.71-1.78 0.614
Passive smoking during childhood Eftekharian et al.   27  Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 2.25 - 1.57-3.20 -
Al Wutayd et al.   24  Saudi Arabia - Hospital-based##
(multi center)		 307 307 1.00 - 0.72-1.39 > 0.999
Ex-smoker* Al Wutayd et al.   24  Saudi Arabia - Hospital-based##
(multi center)		 307 307 1.32 - 0.84-1.56 0.430
Current smoker Al Wutayd et al.   24  Saudi Arabia - Hospital-based##
(multi center)		 307 307 1.16 - 0.77-1.76 0.470
Waterpipe smoking Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.69 1.22-2.34 0.001
Abdollahpour et al.31 Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.77 1.36-2.31 < 0.001
Alcohol Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.61 1.11-2.33 < 0.012
Drug abuse
Life time drug abuse Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 2.93 1.83-4.70 < 0.001
Drug abuse (opioids) Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.00 0.52-1.92 0.998
Drug abuse (cannabis) Abdollahpour et al.   35  Iran 2013-2015 Population-based 547 1057 - 1.23 0.61-2.46 0.560
Use of OTC antibiotics
Weekly Eftekharian et al.   27  Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 1.98 - 0.44-3.96
1-2 times per month Eftekharian et al.   27  Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 1.55 - 0.62-3.84
Antibacterial soap usage
1-2 per week Eftekharian et al.   27  Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 0.18 - 0.08-0.40 -
1-2 per month Eftekharian et al.   27  Iran 2013 Population-based 250 250 0.43 - 0.22-0.82 -
History of OCP usage Rejali et al.   26  Iran 2014 Hospital-based##
(single center)		 200 200 - 0.49 0.31-0.77 0.002
Duration of OCP usage Rejali et al.   26  Iran 2014 Hospital-based##
(single center)		 200 200 - 0.88 0.80-0.96 0.008
OCP starting age Rejali et al.   26  Iran 2014 Hospital-based##
(single center)		 200 200 - 0.99 0.92-1.05 0.800

Significant results are bolded;

OTC: Over the counter; OR: Odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; OCP: Oral contraceptive pill

*

Taking 5 cigarette per day;

**

Taking 3-5 cigarette per day;

***

The study evaluated smoking as a risk factor for developing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS);

¥

Ever being exposed to passive smoking;

#

Adjusted mostly for age and sex;

##

Cases and controls were recruited from the same hospital;

###

Controls were recruited from Kuwaiti community living in Kuwait