Table 2. Effects of the Empowerment-Based Self-care Program.
| Patient-reported outcome | Mean (SD) | Treatment effect (95% CI) | Time × group interaction effects by GEE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empowerment group | Education group | Difference in change of score from baseline (empowerment − education) | Effect size (Cohen d) | B (95% CI) | P value | |
| SCHFI maintenance | ||||||
| Baseline | 59.11 (16.56) | 55.33 (14.91) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 71.01 (14.48) | 66.90 (14.43) | 1.89 (−2.81 to 6.60) | 0.10 | 2.19 (2.34 to −2.41) | .35 |
| 3-mo posttest | 80.77 (16.38) | 78.37 (16.34) | −1.39 (−6.98 to 4.21) | −0.069 | −3.28 (−5.71 to 5.05) | .91 |
| SCHFI management | ||||||
| Baseline | 55.87 (19.57) | 54.38 (21.93) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 67.18 (23.01) | 52.50 (22.30) | 13.76 (5.89 to 21.62) | 0.46 | 13.77 (6.07 to 21.46) | <.001 |
| 3-mo posttest | 58.84 (22.76) | 47.53 (20.73) | 10.11 (1.96 to 18.25) | 0.35 | 10.98 (3.21 to 18.75) | .006 |
| SCHFI symptom perception | ||||||
| Baseline | 58.77 (17.17) | 55.13 (17.17) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 82.32 (16.18) | 57.94 (22.94) | 20.36 (13.98 to 26.75) | 0.84 | 17.34 (10.91 to 23.76) | <.001 |
| 3-mo posttest | 71.41 (18.80) | 54.76 (21.60) | 12.47 (6.02 to 19.92) | 0.61 | 9.36 (2.85 to 15.87) | .005 |
| SCSES self-care confidence | ||||||
| Baseline | 72.35 (19.13) | 70.19 (19.72) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 80.54 (18.71) | 69.37 (21.92) | 7.98 (1.91 to 14.05) | 0.35 | 7.80 (1.83 to 13.77) | .01 |
| 3-mo posttest | 74.08 (21.42) | 68.74 (19.95) | 3.77 (−3.09 to 10.64) | 0.15 | 1.74 (−4.78 to 8.25) | .61 |
| DHFKS | ||||||
| Baseline | 8.13 (2.05) | 7.43 (2.53) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 9.97 (2.74) | 7.99 (3.50) | 1.29 (0.48 to 2.09) | 0.418 | 1.29 (0.49 to 2.09) | .002 |
| 3-mo posttest | 8.99 (4.14) | 7.31 (4.16) | 0.98 (−0.10 to 2.07) | 0.23 | 0.98 (−0.93 to 2.06) | .07 |
| MLHFS | ||||||
| Baseline | 33.91 (18.69) | 31.07 (17.74) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 18.77 (13.31) | 23.68 (18.27) | −6.65 (−10.78 to −2.53) | 0.43 | −6.61 (−10.68 to −2.55) | .001 |
| 3-mo posttest | 20.21 (17.23) | 22.57 (19.00) | −5.08 (−9.57 to −0.60) | 0.34 | −3.65 (−8.12 to 0.89) | .11 |
| Estimated QALYs at 1 y | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.68 (0.14) | 0.69 (0.13) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Posttest | 0.80 (0.10) | 0.75 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 0.43 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | .001 |
| 3-mo posttest | 0.78 (0.12) | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.04 (0.004 to 0.07) | 0.32 | 0.03 (−0.006 to 0.06 | .12 |
Abbreviations: DHFKS, Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale; GEE, generalized estimating equation; MLHFS, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Scale; NA, not applicable; QALY, quality-adjusted life-year; SCHFI, Self-care Heart Failure Index; SCSES, Self-care Self-efficacy scale.