. 2022 Mar 23;13:841122. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841122

TABLE 3.

Unstandardized β-coefficients from hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) analyses.

	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV
External factors	0.736^***	0.725^***	0.798^**	0.607^***
Expectancy or belief		0.448^*		0.304^*
Intrinsic value		0.805^**		0.723^**
Attainment value		0.897^***		0.798^***
Utility value		0.799^***		0.654^**
Task effort cost		−0.687^**		−0.479^**
Outside effort cost		−0.395^**		−0.298^*
Loss of value alternative (LOVA)		−0.614^**		−0.416^**
Emotional cost		−0.476^**		−0.351^*
Intrinsic motivation			0.889^**	0.687^***
Identified motivation			0.958^**	0.751^**.
Extrinsic regulation			0.734^*	0.587^**
Introjected regulation			0.679^**	0.527^*
Controlled Variables
– Gender	0.289^*	0.132^**	0.178^*	0.127^*
– Age groups	0.109	0.098	0.126	0.079^*
– Regions of origin	0.097	0.045	0.075	0.037
– Degree in progress	0.030	0.026	0.068	0.021
– Parents’ educational level	0.108^*	0.076^*	0.096	0.064^*
R ²	0.156	0.272	0.249	0.410
R² change		0.116	0.093	0.138

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.