Table 1.

Comparison of culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing and antibiotic resistance gene mutation testing

	Culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing	Antibiotic resistance gene mutation testing
		DNA sequencing	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Specimens	Gastric mucosal biopsy specimens	Gastric mucosal biopsy specimen/paraffin-embedded specimen/fecal specimens	Gastric mucosal biopsy specimen/paraffin-embedded specimen/fecal specimens
Testing time	About 14 days	About 3 days	2-3 hours
Transfer conditions	Strict transfer requirements, requiring special preservation solution, low temperature	Simple transfer requirements, low temperature	Simple transfer requirements, low temperature
Testing operation and instrument requirements	Complex operation, requiring specialized operators and three-gas incubation conditions	Simple operation, requires sequencing instrument, not available in most hospitals	Relatively simple operation, only requires PCR instrument, available in most hospitals
Sensitivity and specificity	Low sensitivity, high specificity	High sensitivity, high specificity	High sensitivity, high specificity
Applications	Mostly applied for antibiotic susceptibility testing in patients with refractory infections and scientific research, not suitable for large-scale application	Rapid diagnosis of H. pylori infection and understanding of antibiotic susceptibility, detection of heterogeneous antibiotic resistance, and identification of reinfection and recurrence