Table 2.

Included studies and their characteristics

First author/year	Country	Time period	Examination type	Age at death, yr or teeth studied	Gender	Total number of individuals	Total number of teeth	Individuals with caries, %	Teeth with caries, %
a. Characteristics of included studies dated before 2000 BC
Beck et al. [2018]	Spain	2800–2100 cal BC	Clinical	13–61+	Mixed	17	485	−	9.0
	Spain	2800–2100 cal BC	Clinical	31–61+	Mixed	51	3,085	−	7.0
Frayer [2004]	Czech Republic/Slovakia	5300–5260 BC	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	108	2,597	50.0	6.0
Formicola [1987]	Italy	4th millennium BC	Clinical	18+	Males	10	225	60	-
Garłowska [2001]	Poland	4300–4000 BC	Clinical	20+	Mixed	54	1,187	42.5	4.7
Karsten et al. [2015]	Ukraine	3951–2620 cal BC	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Mixed	35	231	31.4	9.5
Lillie [2008]	Czeh Republic	10000–4500 BC	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	59	1,219	46.9	3.3
Lunt [1974]	Scotland	3000–1800 BC	Clinical	6+, permanent teeth	Unknown	100	656	−	1.7
Masotti et al. [2019]	Italy	Approx. 3000 BC	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Mixed	At least 18	354	−	16.7
Radović and Stefanović [2013]	Serbia	Neolithic	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Mixed	32	500	−	1.7
Silvana et al. [1985]	Italy, Sicily	9030–9300 BC	Clinical	Young mature adults	Mixed	10	167	−	13.0
b. Characteristics of included studies dated year 2000 BC-0
Gualandi [1992]	Italy	500–300 BC	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	71	1,201	−	11.9
Keenleyside [2008]	Greece/Bulgaria	5th–2nd centuries BC	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	162	2,939	53.8	7.7
Lunt [1974]	Scotland	300 BC to 0	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Unknown	20	301	−	6.6
Michael and Manolis [2014]	Greece	7th century BC to 2nd century AD	Clinical	20–51+	Mixed	32	381	46.9	7.9
Michael et al. [2017]	Greece	900 BC to 400 AD	Clinical	20–51+	Mixed	46	727	−	6.1
Masotti et al. [2013]	Italy	600–300 BC	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Mixed	80	680	26.2	5.0
Šikanjić [2006]	Croatia	9th–10th century	Clinical	18–45+	Mixed	30	292	−	4.5
c. Characteristics of included studies dated year 1–999
Arnold et al. [2007]	Ukraine	8th–10th century	Clinical	18–40	Unknown	14	Unknown	−	1.7
	Ukraine	8th–10th century	Clinical	18–40	Unknown	11	Unknown	−	4.2
Bennike [1994]	Denmark	800–1000	Clinical	20–55+	Mixed	31	456	29	4
	Denmark	800–1000	Clinical	20–55+	Mixed	39	621	−	4.2
Bertilsson et al. [2020]	Sweden	10th century	Clinical	20–55	Mixed	18	370	77.8	11.9
Bonsall [2014]	England	270–410	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	Unknown	3,227	59.0	9.0
Chazel et al. [2005]	France	4th–10th century	Clinical	12–36+	Unknown	36	355	−	9.0
Cucina et al. [2006]	Italy	2nd–3rd century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	77	1,408	−	2.5
Djurić Srejić [2001]	Serbia	10th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	105	1,680	55.7	8.9
Fernandez-Martinez et al. [2020]	Spain	300–600	Clinical	18–41	Mixed	21	Unknown	42.9	18.8
Jílková et al. [2019]	Czeh Republic	9th–10th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	91	Unknown	78.0	−
Liebe-Harkort [2012]	Sweden	0–260	Clinical	21–60+	Mixed	96	1,794	92.6	44.2
Lunt [1974]	Scotland	400–1000	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Unknown	64	1,041	−	4.3
	Scotland	800–1000	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Unknown	22	307	−	2.9
	Scotland	1200–1500	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Unknown	29	400	−	6.0
Manzi et al. [1999]	Italy	1st–3rd century	Clinical	20–50+	Mixed	64	872	35.9	4.0
	Italy	1st–3rd century	Clinical	20–50+	Mixed	50	942	52.0	6.1
	Italy	7th century	Clinical	20–50+	Mixed	48	912	70.8	12.6
Marin et al. [2005]	Croatia	10th–11th century	Clinical	13–46+	Unknown	74	923	50.0	9.5
Meinl et al. [2010]	Austria	700–800	Clinical	20–61+	Mixed	136	2,215	54.7	14.9
Miclon et al. [2019]	France	7th–18th century	Clinical	15+	Mixed	37	Unknown	−	9.9
Novak [2015]	Ireland	5th–11th century	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	167	3,233	−	3.0
Peko and Vodanović [2016]	Croatia	3rd–5th century	Clinical	15–45+	Mixed	100	2,041	53.5	−
Šlaus et al. [2011]	Croatia	3rd–6th century	Clinical	18–35+	Mixed	103	1,992	−	9.7
	Croatia	7th–11th century	Clinical	18–35+	Mixed	151	1,590	−	11.7
Swales [2019]	England	8th–12th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	248	5,618	39.0	4.3
Thornton [1991]	England	4th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	91	Unknown	70.0	14.0
Walter et al. [2016]	England	120–1539 AD	Clinical	13–36+	Mixed	371	Unknown	63.0	−
Yanko et al. [2021]	Ukraine	400	Clinical + radiographic	18+	Mixed	25	647	28.0	1.7
d. Characteristics of included studies dated year 1000–1499
Adamic and Šlaus [2017]	Croatia	13th–16th century	Clinical	18+	Mixed	30	768	−	6.2
Esclassan et al. [2009]	France	12th–14th century	Clinical	20–30+	Mixed	58	1,395	−	18.6
Chazel et al. [2005]	France	11th–15th century	Clinical	12–36+	Unknown	107	1,183	−	−
Gawlikowska-Sroka et al. [2013]	Poland	12th–15th century	Clinical	22–55	Mixed	58	Unknown	54.0	−
Kerr et al. [1988]	Scotland	1300–1600	Clinical	6–45+ permanent teeth	Unknown	68	1,088	29.4	5.1
Kerr et al. [1990]	Scotland	13th–17th century	Clinical	6–45+ permanent teeth	Unknown	101	1,869	43.6	7.4
Lopez et al. [2012]	Spain	11th–15th century	Clinical	Adults and mature	Mixed	At least 19	1,012	−	4.7
López-Morago et al. [2020]	Spain	1000–1400	Clinical	16–60	Mixed	60	961	50	5.4
Lucas et al. [2010]	France	11th–12th century	Clinical + radiographic	20+	Mixed	60	788	80.0	17.5
Lunt [1974]	Scotland	1200–1500	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Unknown	29	400	−	6.0
McKenzie et al. [2020]	Ireland	1200–1600	Clinical	Adults 18+	Mixed	356	6,238	37.6	5.5
Michael et al. [2017]	Greece	13th–14th century	Clinical	20–51+	Mixed	16	126	−	16.7
Olsson and Sagne [1976]	Sweden	1060–1160	Clinical	14–60+	Mixed	51	Unknown	43.8	4.2
	Sweden	1160–1200	Clinical	20–60+	Mainly men	10	Unknown	60.0	5.5
	Sweden	1200–1536	Clinical	14–60+	Mixed	36	Unknown	55.8	8.1
Šlaus et al. [1997]	Croatia	14th to 17th century	Clinical	15+	Mixed	68	420	−	9.4
Šlaus [2000]	Croatia	14th–18th century	Clinical	16–60+	Mixed	68	765	−	10.9
Šlaus et al. [2018]	Croatia	1100–1400	Clinical	18–36+	Mixed	112	2,131	−	17.1
Trombley [2019]	Italy	1300–1500	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	75	1,534	−	20.0
Ubelaker and Pap [2008]	Hungary	11th century	Clinical	Permanent teeth	Mixed	Unknown	2,067	−	3.8
Watt et al. [1997]	Scotland	1240–1440	Clinical	Juvenile-elderly adults	Unknown	734	3,706	−	6.7
e. Characteristics of included studies dated year 1500–1699
Adamic and Šlaus 2017	Croatia	15th–18th century	Clinical	18+	Mixed	30	678	−	6.3
Arcini et al. [2020]	Sweden	17th–19th century	Clinical	20–59	Mainly men	220	Unknown	37.0	−
Bertilsson et al. [2021]	Sweden	1500–1620	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	205	4,951	68.0	13.0
Bonsall and Pickard [2015]	England	1500	Clinical	18–50+	Mixed	200	2,037	55.5	8.1
Chazel et al. [2005]	France	16th–17th century	Clinical + radiographic	12–36+	Unknown	109	1,267	−	18.8
Giuffra et al. [2020]	Italy	1583	Clinical	Adults 18+/permanent teeth	Mixed	81	868	50.7	5.2
Lopez et al. [2012]	Spain	16th–18th century	Clinical	Adults and mature	Mixed	At least 77	1210	−	12.0
Lingström and Borrman [1999]	Sweden	1621–1640	Clinical + radiographic	16–45+	Unknown	65	943	60.3	11.6
Miliauskiene and Jankauskas [2015]	Lithuania	16th–17th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	150	3,015	80.0	20.8
	Lithuania	16th–17th century	Clinical	Adults	Mixed	39	981	64.0	11.4
Petersone-Gordina et al. [2018]	Latvia	15th–17th century	Clinical	18–31+	Mixed	225	4,591	55.2	6.4
Šlaus et al. [2018]	Croatia	1400–1700	Clinical	18–36+	Mixed	161	2,655	−	14.0
Smith [2019]	England	1570–1740	Clinical	18+	Mixed	224	5,191	87.0	14.3
Varrela [1991]	Finland	Late medieval to 1600	Clinical	17–45+	Mixed	288	3,697	54.1	−
Vilkama et al. [2016]	Finland	17th–18th century	Clinical	20+	Mixed	176	1,388	43.0	23.2
Wells [1968]	England	17th–19th century	Clinical	13+	Unknown	192	622	0	17.4
f. Characteristics of included studies dated year 1700–1850
Geber and Murphy [2018]	Ireland	1847–1851	Clinical	18–46+	Mixed	363	6,860	79.9	19.4
Malčić et al. [2011]	Croatia	18th century	Clinical	15–45+	Mixed	104	1,610	74.4	18.4
Quade and Binder [2018]	Austria	1809	Clinical	14–45	Mixed	30	591	83.8	−
Seiler et al. [2017]	Italy, Sicily	18th–19th century	Clinical	Juvenile–elder	Mixed	111	Unknown	−	58.5
Ubelaker et al. [2009]	Spain	19th century	Clinical	18–90	Mixed	133	346	−	27.5
Whittaker and Molleson [1996]	England	18th century	Clinical + radiographic	17–55+	Mixed	66	1,576	94.0	13.1