Fig. 1.

Inflammaging and chronic inflammatory conditions remodel the immune system by inducing a counteracting immunosuppression which promotes immunosenescence. The immunosuppressive network involves MDSCs, Tregs, Bregs, DCregs, NKregs, NKT II cells, and type M2 macrophages. Subsequently, immunosuppression and an inefficient immune system disturb the efficacy of immune responses which increase the risk for cancers and chronic infections as well as decreasing the efficiency of vaccination and immunotherapy. Conversely, the increased immunosuppression associated with aging enhances transplantation tolerance. Abbreviation: Breg, regulatory B cell; DCreg, regulatory dendritic cell; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NKreg, regulatory natural killer cell; NKT II, type II natural killer T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell