Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with at least one inflammatory biomarker sample available in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 16,183) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 7,930) from 1989 to 1995
| Nurses’ Health Study (Women) |
Health Professionals Follow-up Study (Men) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of nSES |
Total (n =16183) | Quintiles of nSES |
Total (n = 7930) | |||||||||
| Q1 (n = 3236) | Q2 (n = 3237) | Q3 (n = 3238) | Q4 (n = 3238) | Q5 (n = 3234) | Q1 (n = 1586) | Q2 (n = 1586) | Q3 (n = 1587) | Q4 (n = 1585) | Q5 (n = 1586) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| White race, % | 99.0 | 99.1 | 98.8 | 98.4 | 98.1 | 98.6 | 94.9 | 93.2 | 93.2 | 94.2 | 93.2 | 93.8 |
| Age at blood draw* | 58.2 (6.9) | 57.5 (7.1) | 57.3 (7.0) | 58.9 (7.0) | 57.0 (6.9) | 57.4 (7.0) | 63.1 (8.5) | 62.5 (8.5) | 62.1 (8.6) | 62.2 (8.3) | 62.6 (8.6) | 62.5 (8.5) |
| Individual lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||
| Body Mass Index | 26.0 (5.0) | 25.9 (4.8) | 25.7 (4.7) | 25.4 (4.5) | 24.7 (4.2) | 25.5 (4.7) | 26.0 (3.3) | 25.9 (3.2) | 25.9 (3.2) | 25.7 (3.6) | 25.5 (3.0) | 25.8 (3.3) |
| Physical activity (MET-hrs/week) | 41.4 (110.0) | 38.9 (108.3) | 42.1 (113.9) | 41.4 (113.5) | 36.9 (98.7) | 40.4 (110.0) | 32.5 (26.7) | 31.7 (26.4) | 32.6 (26.0) | 31.6 (25.7) | 30.7 (24.2) | 31.8 (26.1) |
| Smoking pack-years | 12.0 (18.5) | 11.6 (18.0) | 12.4 (18.7) | 13.7 (19.3) | 12.4 (18.6) | 12.4 (18.6) | 14.2 (19.4) | 13.3 (19.1) | 11.9 (17.9) | 11.4 (16.8) | 11.4 (16.5) | 12.5 (18.3) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker, % | 48.9 | 49.1 | 45.4 | 40.3 | 42.6 | 45.3 | 45.1 | 47.7 | 49.5 | 47.9 | 46.8 | 47.0 |
| Past smoker, % | 37.6 | 37.3 | 41.3 | 44.9 | 45.4 | 41.2 | 46.6 | 45.7 | 45.2 | 46.8 | 48.9 | 47.2 |
| Current smoker, % | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 14.8 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 5.8 |
| Alternative Healthy Eating Index | 51.4 (10.1) | 52.1 (9.9) | 53.1 (10.4) | 53.8 (10.2) | 55.9 (10.2) | 53.3 (10.2) | 51.9 (10.3) | 52.9 (10.4) | 53.9 (10.6) | 55.1 (10.2) | 56.6 (10.7) | 54.1 (10.7) |
| Menopause | ||||||||||||
| Premenopause, % | 18.5 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 19.8 | 19.0 | ||||||
| Postmenopause, % | 74.2 | 74.5 | 74.5 | 74.3 | 74.7 | 74.5 | ||||||
| Dubious menopause and missing, % | 7.3 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 6.5 | ||||||
| Hormone therapy | ||||||||||||
| Never use, % | 35.9 | 36.5 | 37.1 | 38.6 | 34.7 | 36.6 | ||||||
| Current use, % | 41.7 | 41.1 | 42.2 | 39.0 | 44.5 | 41.6 | ||||||
| Past use, % | 22.4 | 22.4 | 20.8 | 22.5 | 20.8 | 21.8 | ||||||
| Aspirin/NSAID use, % | 39.5 | 41 | 38.7 | 38.5 | 37.2 | 38.9 | 53.6 | 51.7 | 53.5 | 51.6 | 51.2 | 52.3 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension, % | 28.1 | 32.1 | 28.2 | 28.5 | 24.2 | 28.1 | 26.2 | 23.9 | 24.8 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 25.5 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 39.3 | 40.9 | 39.1 | 36.7 | 32.0 | 37.6 | 33.2 | 33.5 | 34.8 | 35.9 | 38.2 | 34.9 |
| Contextual environment | ||||||||||||
| NDVI-270 (cumulative updated average) | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.32 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.1) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.1) | 0.27 (0.10) |
| NDVI-270 (season of blood draw) | 0.27 (0.21) | 0.26 (0.2) | 0.29 (0.2) | 0.32 (0.2) | 0.35 (0.19) | 0.30 (0.20) | 0.32 (0.16) | 0.32 (0.17) | 0.33 (0.16) | 0.32 (0.16) | 0.34 (0.16) | 0.33 (0.17) |
| Air pollution (PM2.5) (μg/m3) | 15.41 (4.21) | 17.04 (3.81) | 16.95 (3.71) | 16.97 (3.50) | 16.82 (3.41) | 16.62 (3.80) | 11.08 (3.32) | 12.15 (3.13) | 12.24 (3.05) | 12.49 (2.98) | 13.01 (2.72) | 12.18 (3.15) |
| Census tract SES | ||||||||||||
| nSES z-score | −4.61 (1.84) | −2.11 (0.46) | −0.46 (0.50) | 1.55 (0.71) | 5.66 (2.50) | 0.00 (3.77) | −4.52 (1.54) | −2.25 (0.44) | −0.64 (0.51) | 1.52 (0.74) | 5.84 (2.42) | 0.00 (3.83) |
| Population density (100 people/mi2) | 2.59 (4.05) | 4.01 (5.70) | 4.60 (4.86) | 5.91 (8.13) | 7.07 (17.23) | 4.83 (9.30) | 2.17 (3.58) | 3.35 (4.93) | 4.43 (5.34) | 5.83 (7.18) | 8.83 (1.99) | 4.85 (19.95) |
| Income-ICE | 0.00 (0.36) | 0.28 (0.34) | 0.52 (0.30) | 0.69 (0.24) | 0.83 (0.17) | 0.46 (0.42) | −0.21 (0.37) | 0.03 (0.4) | 0.32 (0.39) | 0.57 (0.36) | 0.75 (0.29) | 0.3 (0.51) |
| Joint Race/Income-ICE | 0.44 (0.21) | 0.58 (0.21) | 0.69 (0.21) | 0.76 (0.19) | 0.82 (0.15) | 0.66 (0.24) | 0.3 (0.27) | 0.44 (0.26) | 0.58 (0.26) | 0.71 (0.22) | 0.79 (0.18) | 0.57 (0.3) |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||||||||
| Adiponectin, ng/L | 10.59 (4.63) | 10.75 (4.67) | 10.75 (4.59) | 10.9 (4.5) | 11.22 (4.65) | 10.85 (4.59) | 6.42 (3.31) | 6.62 (3.44) | 6.68 (3.30) | 6.33 (3.06) | 6.97 (3.83) | 6.59 (3.44) |
| C-reactive Protein, mg/L | 3.31 (4.24) | 3.15 (3.9) | 3.03 (4) | 3.07 (4.21) | 2.75 (3.62) | 3.08 (4.08) | 1.75 (1.94) | 1.81 (2.00) | 1.70 (2.06) | 1.73 (1.99) | 1.64 (1.95) | 1.72 (1.99) |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.66 (1.43) | 1.63 (1.53) | 1.55 (1.33) | 1.55 (1.38) | 1.48 (1.47) | 1.57 (1.40) | 1.32 (0.89) | 1.32 (0.83) | 1.39 (0.95) | 1.35 (0.94) | 1.25 (0.86) | 1.33 (0.92) |
| sTNFR-2, pg/L | 2.72 (0.76) | 2.68 (0.76) | 2.65 (0.72) | 2.61 (0.7) | 2.53 (0.67) | 2.64 (0.73) | 2.66 (0.66) | 2.61 (0.70) | 2.60 (0.67) | 2.61 (0.77) | 2.54 (0.68) | 2.61 (0.71) |
| Inflammation Score | 0.56 (2.6) | 0.2 (2.74) | 0.05 (2.58) | −0.04 (2.61) | −0.38 (2.62) | 0.08 (2.65) | 0.13 (2.52) | 0.02 (2.39) | −0.03 (2.44) | 0.02 (2.67) | −0.45 (2.46) | −0.07 (2.5) |
Abbreviations: MET: metabolic equivalent task units; ICE: Index of Concentration at Extremes; NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; nSES: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status; PM2.5: Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 µm diameter, IL-6: Interleukin-6; sTNFR-2: soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-2.
Values are means(SD) or medians(Q25, Q75) for continuous variables; percentages or ns or both for categorical variables, and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
Values of polytomous variables may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
*
Value is not age adjusted