Extreme health effects: acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, and chronic toxicity due to nickel exposure in humans and rats⁶⁷.

Toxicity		Acute toxicity	Subchronic toxicity	Chronic toxicity
Exposure period		01 day	10–100 days	>100 days
Route of exposure		Exposure to nickel fumes and nickel dust, nickel polluted water, and direct consumption or inhalation of nickel compounds	Exposure to nickel fumes and soluble nickel compound	Occupational exposure to nickel dust
Extreme health effects	On human	Respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac arrest	Tubular dysfunction, visual dysfunction	Asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary and nasal cancer, disruption in oxidative phosphorylation
	On rats	Renal damage, frank hematuria	Liver and kidney failure, hyperglycemia, ataxia, hypothermia, diarrhoea, lung fibrosis	Loss of kidney weight with significant albuminuria, emphysema