Fig. 1. Representative scheme of cmRNA containing five structural elements: 5′ capping structure with anti-reverse cap analog (ARCA), 5′-untranslated region (UTR) with internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), open reading frame (ORF) with AUG in kozak sequence as start codon, 3′-UTR and poly(A) tail for improved translation efficiency, stability, half-life and reduced immunogenicity. Usage of modified nucleotides (such as 5-methylcytidine (5mC), 5-methyluridine (5mU), N6-methyl adenosine (5mA), pseudouridine (Ψ), N1-methylpseudouridine (N1mΨ), and 2-thiouridine (s2U)) would help in evading immune activation.
