Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants in a cohort study of 431,967 individuals from UK Biobank.
| Characteristics | Normal groupa (N = 361,199) | Hyperuricemiab (N = 62,752) |
Goutc
(N = 12,508) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at follow-up, years, mean (SD)d | 56.4 (8.11) | 57.7 (7.93) | 61.0 (7.62) |
| Sex, N (%)e | |||
| Female | 219,164 (60.68) | 21,082 (33.60) | 1,902 (15.21) |
| Male | 142,035 (39.32) | 41,670 (66.40) | 10,606 (84.79) |
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | 341,332 (94.50) | 59,010 (94.04) | 11,900 (95.14) |
| Non-white | 18,711 (5.18) | 3,486 (5.56) | 567 (4.53) |
| Unknown | 1,156 (0.32) | 256 (0.41) | 41 (0.33) |
| Smoking status, N (%) | |||
| Never | 205,977 (57.03) | 30,903 (49.25) | 5,609 (44.84) |
| Previous | 116,129 (32.15) | 25,557 (40.73) | 5,682 (45.43) |
| Current | 37,875 (10.49) | 6,034 (9.62) | 1,170 (9.35) |
| Unknown | 1,218 (0.34) | 258 (0.41) | 47 (0.38) |
| Alcohol status, N (%) | |||
| Never | 15,990 (4.43) | 2,210 (3.52) | 273 (2.18) |
| Previous | 12,327 (3.41) | 1,900 (3.03) | 376 (3.01) |
| Current | 332,503 (92.06) | 58,566 (93.33) | 11,842 (94.68) |
| Unknown | 379 (0.10) | 76 (0.12) | 17 (0.14) |
| Tea intakef, N (%) | |||
| <2 | 94,598 (26.19) | 16,794 (26.76) | 3,359 (26.85) |
| 2–3 | 106,018 (29.35) | 18,564 (29.58) | 3,936 (31.47) |
| 4–5 | 91,837 (25.43) | 15,838 (25.24) | 3,103 (24.81) |
| ≥6 | 68,003 (18.83) | 11,418 (18.20) | 2,084 (16.66) |
| Unknown | 743 (0.21) | 138 (0.22) | 26 (0.21) |
| Coffee intakef, N (%) | |||
| <2 | 176,310 (48.81) | 31,718 (50.55) | 6,642 (53.10) |
| 2–3 | 113,234 (31.35) | 18,891 (30.10) | 3,739 (29.89) |
| 4–5 | 48,564 (13.45) | 8,434 (13.44) | 1,467 (11.73) |
| ≥6 | 22,303 (6.17) | 3,548 (5.65) | 638 (5.10) |
| Unknown | 788 (0.22) | 161 (0.26) | 22 (0.18) |
| Vitamins C, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 32,651 (9.04) | 4,858 (7.74) | 961 (7.68) |
| No | 327,150 (90.57) | 57,577 (91.75) | 11,475 (91.74) |
| Unknown | 1,398 (0.39) | 317 (0.51) | 72 (0.58) |
| Vitamins D, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 15,291 (4.23) | 1,928 (3.07) | 378 (3.02) |
| No | 344,510 (95.38) | 60,507 (96.42) | 12,058 (96.40) |
| Unknown | 1,398 (0.39) | 317 (0.51) | 72 (0.58) |
| Vitamins E, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 11,427 (3.16) | 1,548 (2.47) | 322 (2.57) |
| No | 348,374 (96.45) | 60,887 (97.03) | 12,114 (96.85) |
| Unknown | 1,398 (0.39) | 317 (0.51) | 72 (0.58) |
| Fish oil supplementation, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 114,246 (31.63) | 18,605 (29.65) | 3,912 (31.28) |
| No | 246,225 (68.17) | 43,999 (70.12) | 8,576 (68.56) |
| Unknown | 728 (0.20) | 148 (0.24) | 20 (0.16) |
| Fruit intakeg, N (%), | |||
| <2 | 114,671 (31.75) | 24,102 (38.41) | 4,779 (38.21) |
| 2- | 92,293 (25.55) | 15,539 (24.76) | 3,103 (24.81) |
| 3- | 71,417 (19.77) | 11,097 (17.68) | 2,157 (17.24) |
| ≥4 | 82,116 (22.73) | 11,852 (18.89) | 2,439 (19.50) |
| Unknown | 702 (0.19) | 162 (0.26) | 30 (0.24) |
| Vegetable intakeg, N (%) | |||
| <2 | 124,600 (34.50) | 22,550 (35.94) | 4,533 (36.24) |
| 2- | 121,702 (33.69) | 20,498 (32.67) | 4,011 (32.07) |
| 3- | 63,744 (17.65) | 10,849 (17.29) | 2,148 (17.17) |
| ≥4 | 48,963 (13.56) | 8,327 (13.27) | 1,715 (13.71) |
| Unknown | 2,190 (0.61) | 528 (0.84) | 101 (0.81) |
| Process meath, N (%) | |||
| Never | 37,132 (10.28) | 3,357 (5.35) | 509 (4.07) |
| <1 | 114,863 (31.80) | 15,740 (25.08) | 2,789 (22.30) |
| 1- | 104,249 (28.86) | 18,870 (30.07) | 3,675 (29.38) |
| ≥2 | 104,207 (28.85) | 24,625 (39.24) | 5,511 (44.06) |
| Unknown | 748 (0.21) | 160 (0.25) | 24 (0.19) |
| Cheese h , N (%) | |||
| Never | 9,048 (2.50) | 1,798 (2.87) | 380 (3.04) |
| <1 | 59,784 (16.55) | 10,449 (16.65) | 2,043 (16.33) |
| 1- | 74,227 (20.55) | 13,551 (21.59) | 2,786 (22.27) |
| ≥2 | 209,267 (57.94) | 35,168 (56.04) | 6,899 (55.16) |
| Unknown | 8,873 (2.46) | 1,786 (2.85) | 400 (3.20) |
| Physical activity, N (%) | |||
| Low | 71,521 (19.80) | 14,416 (22.97) | 2,868 (22.93) |
| Moderate | 156,282 (43.27) | 27,165 (43.29) | 5,347 (42.75) |
| High | 133,396 (36.93) | 21,171 (33.74) | 4,293 (34.32) |
| Family history of CVD, N (%) | |||
| Yes | 198,953 (55.08) | 35,406 (56.42) | 7,155 (57.20) |
| No | 162,246 (44.92) | 27,346 (43.58) | 5,353 (42.80) |
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 0.184 (0.783) | 0.247 (0.915) | 0.445 (1.22) |
a
Normal group: Individuals were not defined as hyperuricemia and gout at baseline and during follow-up.
b
Hyperuricemia: The level of serum urate at baseline, >400 μmol/L (6.8 mg/dL, for males) or >360 μmol/L (6 mg/dL, for females).
c
Gout: Either diagnosis in UK Biobank inpatient or primary care data (ICD-10: M10), or self-reported a medical diagnosis of gout, at baseline or during the follow-up.
d
Mean (SD): Mean (Standard Deviation).
e
N (%): Number (%).
f
Measured as cups per day.
g
Servings/day: Two heaped tablespoons of vegetables were counted as a serving; two pieces of fresh fruit or four pieces of dried fruit were counted as a serving.
h
Measured as times per week.