Table 2.

Incidence rate and hazard ratios of any cardiovascular disease (CVD)^a among patients with studied hyperuricemia or gout when compared with patients without hyperuricemia and gout.

	Hyperuricemia b		Gout c
Any CVD	Incidence rated	HR (95% CI)e	Incidence rate	HR (95% CI)
Unexposed group	25,852/3,117.77 (8.29)	Ref	2,5852/3,117.77 (8.29)	Ref
Exposed group	6,965/509 (13.68)	1.32 (1.28–1.35)	1,731/89.08 (19.43)	1.51 (1.44–1.59)

^aA primary diagnosis of CVD in UK Biobank inpatient data, or a death with CVD as the underlying cause, according to UK Biobank mortality data (ICD-10: I00-I70, I730, and I74).

^bHyperuricemia: The level of serum urate at baseline, >400 μmol/L (6.8 mg/dL, for males) or >360 μmol/L (6 mg/dL, for females).

^cGout: Either diagnosis in UK Biobank inpatient or primary care data (ICD-10: M10), or self-reported a medical diagnosis of gout, at baseline or during the follow-up.

^dIncidence rate was measured as No. of Cases/No. of Accumulated Person-Years ×1,000 (Incidence Rate/1,000 Person-Years).

^eHR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; models adjusted for sex, age at follow-up, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol drinking, tea intake, coffee intake, physical activity, intake of fish oil supplementation, intake of vitamin C/D/E supplementation, intake of fresh fruit/vegetable, intake of processed meat/cheese, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and self-reported family history of CVD; individuals without hyperuricemia and gout were used.