miRNA microarray screening. Quantitative PCR of 7 miRNAs in (A) patients and (B) cells. The expression levels of miR-423 in patients with AF and the AF cell model were significantly lower than those in the PSVT and control cell groups, respectively. (C) Representative line-scan of time-lapse calcium imaging of cells loaded with the intracellular calcium indicator (Fluo-4 AM). Representative records of spontaneous Ca2+ transients according to the group. (D) Summary of the Ca2+ transient amplitude and frequency. The amplitude was significantly increased in control + miR-423 inhibitor, Ang II and Ang II + miR-423 inhibitor groups. *P<0.001 vs. control group n=5. AF, atrial fibrillation; Ang II, angiotensin II; CTL, Control; inh., inhibitor; miRNA/miR, microRNA; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; Fluo-4 AM, 4-(6-Acetoxymethoxy-2,7-difluoro-3-oxo-9-xanthenyl)-4-methyl-2,2-(ethylenedioxy)dianiline-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl) ester.