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. 2022 Apr 6;120:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.006

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© 2022 The Author(s)

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Quantitation of mRNA expression of ACE2 and inflammatory cytokines in patients with COVID-19 with and without diarrhea. (a, b) The mRNA expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2; (c-f) The mRNA expression of CD4+ T cells related transcription factor (Tbet, GATA3, RORc, and Foxp3); (g-l) The mRNA expression of CD4+ T cells related cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL25, IL10, IL17A, and TGFβ). “HC” represented Healthy control. (Kruskal-Wallis test with Nemenyi post hoc test; n = 5-10 per group). Error bars denote the mean ± SEM. ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001. ACE2 = angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Foxp3 = forkhead box protein 3; GATA3 = GATA binding protein 3; IL = interleukin; mRNA = messenger RNA; RORc = retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C; SEM = standard error of the mean; Tbet = T-box expressed in T cells; TGF = transforming growth factor; TMPRSS2 = transmembrane protease, Serine 2; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor-alpha.