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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2022 Mar 17;130(6):942–957. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319843

Figure 1. Effects of Spaceflight on the Cardiovascular System.

Figure 1.

Multiple hits including baseline risk factors (e.g., older age, low fitness), direct (e.g., fluid shifts, radiation), and indirect (e.g., stress, poor sleep) insults induce adverse cardiovascular effects in astronauts. Adapted from Scott et al.6