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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2022 Mar 17;130(6):942–957. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319843

Figure 3. Mechanisms Potentially Underpinning the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Spaceflight.

Figure 3.

Fluid shifts and radiation are known to induce adverse cardiac and vascular effects via increased oxidative stress, increased inflammation, increased apoptosis, decreased metabolism, alerted calcium handling, and decreased HSC function. HSC, hematopoietic stem cell function. (Illustration credit: Ben Smith).